Margaret Sanger Essay Example

Margaret Sanger Essay Example Margaret Sanger Essay Margaret Sanger Essay Margaret Sanger was a pioneering advocate for birth control in the United States, along with Asia and Europe, during the 20th century. In her autobiography, Margaret explains the many obstacles she had to overcome and what were her driving forces during her crusade for womens rights throughout the early to mid 20th century. Margaret was born on September 14, 1879 in Corning, NY into a middle class family. She was sixth of the eleven children her mother gave birth to. Her father was an Irish-born stonemason who challenged the children to think. Margarets father practiced Socialism because he believed it was the closest to the Christian philosophy. Margaret has also cited him as, the spring from which she drank from. Her mother, a Catholic Irish-American, stayed at home with the children, which was expected of mothers during this period. At fifty Margarets mother died from tuberculosis, although, Margaret believes it was the frequent birth that was the underlying cause to her death. Her two older sisters helped Margaret attend college in 1896 and then continued in a nursing program in 1900. During her work at the hospital as a nurse, she was always touched by the trust given to a nurse during the birth of a child. Soon after the birth, Margaret would be bombarded with questions, from various mothers, on what they could do to prevent having another child to soon. Besides her patients, even though her father disapproved of her being a nurse, the ideals, of generosity and equality, set by her father and the death of her mother along with their struggles financially in daily life were the underlying force that drove her. Margaret believed that the right to decide and choose when to have children was the key to independence, along with economic stability, for women. In 1902, Margaret married and had three children. They moved to New York City by 1910, where she continued work as a visiting nurse, and joined a circle of intellectual activists. Liberals, Socialists, anarchists, and I. W. W. s would meet in their living room to express their ideals for society. Margaret compares this time, pre-WWI, to the Renaissance where ideas flourished as everyone spoke about new liberties. Margaret joined a Socialist Party in which someone had donated a sum of money towards the interest of women in Socialism. Margaret was chosen to help recruit new members among working women. A woman in the group asked Margaret to help her speak to a handful of women about labor. Margaret did not feel qualified enough to talk about labor but instead spoke to them about health. The women asked so many intimate questions about family life that Margaret told the woman, who asked her to go along with her to speak, about it. Together they decided to create an article for women to answer some common questions about sex, What Ever Girl Should Know (1912), which would be published in a newsletter named the Call. The article ran for only three or four weeks due to the Comstock laws, which the Post Office was able to enforce. She soon began to write again but was unable to include such information as STDs. Margaret was later asked, during a labor strike, to help with the children. This was Margarets first encounter, in all her nursing in the slums, with children in such a ragged and deplorable a condition. Although Margaret tried to help wherever she could, she kept thinking that their must be something more she could do for the poor families who needed some kind of assistance in order to bring them out of the slums. She saw strikes as the need of man to support his family in a healthy condition. Furthermore, Margaret was resenting the fact that women were not being included in this new world everyone was trying to create. She believed people were overlooking the issue of quality when anyone spoke about life. Margaret began to see her patients as a woman in childbirth but as a person and began to examine their background along with their outlook. Again, Margaret would be bombarded with question on how to prevent pregnancies. Within her circle in the middle class, she had only known about two methods but both placed the responsibility solely on the male. Among this class, pregnancy was a chronic condition. As Margaret visited more often, she began to hear stories about miscarriages or deaths, which all, even with some kind of sorrow, was accompanied by relief. Even of women who died from an abortion or a child who was institutionalized came to them, although sorrowful, as a relief. The turning point for Margaret to become more then just a nurse but try to help create something to prevent pregnancies for women came almost instantly after losing one of her patients who merely months before pleaded with her for the secret to not get pregnant again since it would kill her. Margaret searched for information but even when she found some she would hit a wall which would unable her from passing the information along, the federal Comstock law (1873). The Comstock law prohibited any form of literature or practice of contraception, or abortion. In 1913, Margaret and her husband moved to Europe hoping to escape the poverty and despair she had seen. In England, Margaret found that the situation was more horrific then in America. Women were walking around with half a shawl around them and the other to cover their babies. Poor women were treated as the lowest of the low and had no help to change their condition. In France Margaret noticed that peasant women had a limited family size and asked how they were able to do it, to which they replied that there were recipes that were handed down from generations. Frenchwomen regarded the use of such contraception, as their individual right. The peasant women knew no man would marry them unless, she knew how to limit the amount of children she would have, thus lessening any financial burden. The last day in December (1913), Margaret left her husband with her kids to return to America with the handful of recipes she had collected. It was on this trip Margaret came up with the idea to publish a magazine, called The Woman Rebel, to help the poor women who had no voices. She decided to take on the smaller Comstock state laws and published The Woman Rebel, in 1914. This was published monthly, which advocated birth control. She had three attempts in which she attempted to circulate the magazine that ended up banned due to the Post Office. Margaret was soon served papers to appear in court for violating the Comstock laws and if convicted would face no less then 45 years. Margaret compiled all her contraceptive information onto a pamphlet called, Family Limitation, as a different approach to getting the information out the low-middle class families in New York. It was printed once, during the night, but unfortunately due to lack of funds, only a hundred thousand copies were created. Margaret was unwilling to risk jail time once she was refused time to organize her case and skipped bail leaving her children. Margaret headed for England under the alias Bertha Watson. Once in England, she sought other people who held similar beliefs and supported her in order to build a case. Margaret met Havelock Ellis, who she became very influenced by due to his beliefs on the importance in female sexuality. Margaret broadened her case by turning to the physiological aspect of birth control. In 1915, Margaret was jailed for thirty days for her distribution of Family Limitation. Shortly after Margaret returned to New York and faced the charges she had ran from. Unfortunately during this time Margarets daughter died, the government decided to drop the charges if she said she would never break the Comstock law again, to which she denied. Margaret then turned to the argument of freedom of speech and not only became a leader in that but was approached to present the new idea about clinics. Margaret based clinics on those seen in Netherlands while she was there. There was no such law against birth control as in America and therefore had several clinics to help women and their family condition through contraception. In 1916, Margaret opened the doors not only to the first birth control clinic in New York, or the country, but also across the world, except for the Netherlands. Before Margaret opened the door, there was a huge line that rounded the corner. Once inside, she simply explained what contraception was and that abortion was the wrong thing to do, because of not only the health risks but also you are still taking a life. Nine days later Margaret was arrested and the clinic was shut down. Margaret was convicted and spent thirty days in prison. Despite her conviction, the publicity surrounding the Brownsville Clinic caught the attention of many wealthy supporters. Together they started a movement to reform birth control. New York State ruled that only doctors could run clinics in which contraceptive information could be given out; therefore, in 1923 Margaret opened a doctor-run clinic. The clinic, the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau, was born and had all female doctors along with social workers, thus becoming a model for all other clinics in America, (Plan Parenthood). In 1929, Margaret founded the National Committee on Federal Legislations for birth Control. Its purpose was to pass a bill so doctors could legally dispense contraceptives, which eventually failed due to the Catholic Churchs influence. However, the courts did eventually, in 1936, rule that the Comstock laws did not apply to physicians. Through the many struggles during an era of turmoil, Margaret Sanger was a woman who stayed strong in her beliefs and went to great lengths to selflessly help mothers. Margaret Sanger helped in the production of most of the contraception used today, such as: spring-form diaphrams, spermicidal jellies, foam powders, hormonal contraceptives, and even the birth control pill. Compared to secondary sources Margaret Sangers autobiography is written in much depth about her life and the obstacles she had to overcome. As a reader, you are able to intimately know Margaret, at least what she wants you to know. In the autobiography, especially when Margaret describes her home life, she states what the outward appearance is, or in other instances the situation, and then weaves together how she fits not only personally but also emotionally. The autobiography lets the reader view the actions as Margaret saw them. This approach, unlike the secondary source, gave me a greater respect toward her strength not only as an activist but also as a woman. From a second hand source, you have a distance between the reader and Margaret, although it is mostly composed of facts with no emotion. Also, a secondary source such as Margaret Sanger: Biographical Sketch, did not show how Margaret managed to succeed at her goals yet merely spoke about them and how they influenced the culture today rather then the direct people at that time. In another secondary source, Margaret Sanger, the mother of birth control, the text is written much like Margarets autobiographies introduction in which there is no meat, input for Margaret, yet just facts. Margarets autobiography opens a mysterious window into the past in which the reader feels her pain, her fears, and becomes part of society as we watch this woman unfold out of her cocoon and take flight. She was able to lightly capture many themes during that era. The only downfall to an autobiography is the reader is unable to see the perspective from the opposing view or the outside events other then from Margarets viewpoint. Margaret, not only in the secondary sources but also her autobiography, appeared not to have changed direction of her goal yet took different avenues to achieve it. Margaret went from wanting free contraceptive devises for all as a Socialist, to clinics in which doctors dispenced contraceptive devices as an Idealist/Feminist. Margarets autobiography also extended beyond the movement in America, unlike the other sources, into Europe comparing/contrasting the government and personal ideals towards motherhood. As a reader, I feel compelled to question how Margaret supported her children once she began to travel and the effects it caused on her children, especially when she left her husband just to turn around to protest her charges in New York. I have trouble seeing how the threat of jail would not affect her decision. Also, Margaret included many areas that I felt were weak, the dead space, who she was running around with after her and her husband separated; although, to historians this information may be useful. As a reader, I enjoyed the different stories about her experiences and interactions with people as a nurse and the court trials. I find it fascinating the society, along with our culture, has change so much.

Battle of Poltava in the Great Northern War

Battle of Poltava in the Great Northern War Battle of Poltava - Conflict: The Battle of Poltava was fought during the Great Northern War. Battle of Poltava - Date: Charles XII was defeated on July 8, 1709 (New Style). Armies Commanders: Sweden King Charles XIIField Marshal Carl Gustav Rehnskià ¶ldGeneral Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt24,000 men, 4 guns Russia Peter the Great42,500 men, 102 guns Battle of Poltava - Background: In 1708, King Charles XII of Sweden invaded Russia with the goal of bringing the Great Northern War to an end. Turned away at Smolensk, he moved into the Ukraine for the winter. As his troops endured the frigid weather, Charles sought allies for his cause. While he had previously received a commitment from Ivan Mazepas Hetman Cossacks, the only additional forces who were willing to join him were the Zaporozhian Cossacks of Otaman Kost Hordiienko. Charles position was further weakened by the need to leave an army corps in Poland to aid King Stanislaus I Leszczyà ±ski. As the campaigning season approached, Charles generals advised him to fall back to Volhynia as the Russians were beginning to surround their position. Unwilling to retreat, Charles planned an ambitious campaign to capture Moscow by crossing the Vorskla River and moving via Kharkov and Kursk. Advancing with 24,000 men, but only 4 guns, Charles first invested the city of Poltava along the banks of the Vorskla. Defended by 6,900 Russian and Ukrainian troops, Poltava held out against Charles attack, while waiting for Tsar Peter the Great to arrive with reinforcements. Battle of Poltava - Peters Plan: Marching south with 42,500 men and 102 guns, Peter sought to relieve the city and inflict a damaging blow on Charles. Over the previous few years Peter had rebuilt his army along modern European lines after suffered multiple defeats at the hands of the Swedes. Arriving near Poltava, his army went into camp and erected defenses against a possible Swedish attack. Across the lines, field command of the Swedish army had devolved to Field Marshal Carl Gustav Rehnskià ¶ld and General Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt after Charles had been wounded in the foot on June 17. Battle of Poltava - The Swedes Attack: On July 7, Charles was informed that 40,000 Kalmyks were marching to reinforce Peter. Rather than retreat, and despite being outnumbered, the king elected to strike at the Russian camp the next morning. Around 5:00 AM on July 8, the Swedish infantry advanced towards the Russian camp. Its attack was met by the Russian cavalry which forced them to retreat. As the infantry withdrew, the Swedish cavalry counterattacked, driving back the Russians. Their advance was halted by heavy fire and they fell back. Rehnskià ¶ld again sent the infantry forward and they succeeded in taking two Russian redoubts. Battle of Poltava - The Tide Turns: Despite this foothold, the Swedes were not able to hold them. As they attempted to bypass the Russian defenses, Prince Aleksandr Menshikovs forces nearly encircled them and inflicted massive casualties. Fleeing back, the Swedes took refuge in the Budyshcha Forest where Charles rallied them. Around 9:00 AM, both sides advanced into the open. Charging forward, the Swedish ranks were pounded by the Russian guns. Striking the Russian lines, they nearly broke through. As the Swedes battled, the Russian right swung around to flank them. Under extreme pressure, the Swedish infantry broke and began fleeing the field. The cavalry advanced to cover their withdrawal, but was met with heavy fire. From his stretcher at the rear, Charles ordered the army to begin retreating. Battle of Poltava - Aftermath: The Battle of Poltava was a disaster for Sweden and a turning point in the Great Northern War. Swedish casualties numbered 6,900 dead and wounded, as well as 2,800 taken prisoner. Among those captured was Field Marshal Rehnskià ¶ld. Russian losses were 1,350 killed and 3,300 wounded. Retreating from the field, the Swedes moved along the Vorskla towards its confluence with the Dnieper. Lacking enought boats to cross the river, Charles and Ivan Mazepa crossed with a bodyguard of 1,000-3,000 men. Riding west, Charles found sanctuary with the Ottomans in Bendery, Moldavia. He remained in exile for five years before returning to Sweden. Along the Dnieper, Lewenhaupt was elected to surrender the remnants of the Swedish army (12,000 men) to Menshikov on July 11.

Information Systems Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Information Systems Strategy - Essay Example As the overall definition of strategy goes strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation with a long-term perspective that aims at putting the organization in an advantageous position by reorganizing its own resources to meet the challenging business environments. In the process, strategy tries to match the requirements of the market and to meet the demands of the stakeholders of the firm. Strategies do exist at different levels of the organization. Some strategies are formed at corporate level and few others are formed at the business levels. The overall strategies when broken down take the form of operational strategies. It is also imperative for any organization to have its systems regarding the collection and dissemination of information in place so that the top management of the firm is supplied with valid inputs for making effective managerial decisions affecting the business of the firm. A proper alignment of the business strategies and the information system strategi es will enable the firm to plan its resources more effectively to accelerate the growth of its business. With this background this paper makes a detailed report on the role the information system and information technology strategies play in the development of a business along with the potential benefits that may arise to the business out of the implementation of the information systems strategies along with the business strategies. 2.0 Role of Information Systems Strate

Electronic Health Record Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Electronic Health Record - Assignment Example It is an open source of information on health care (especially HIV) in developing countries of Africa. It is based on the information of various records updated in the EMR which are then refined and analyzed in the EHR. This system is state of the art technology. It covers almost every feature that would help to maintain the record of any person or country. It is also a user-friendly system, which allows a user to freely roam about in various interfaces. The flexibility offered by this system is also another feature which makes it more desirable, medical support information could be access in the remotest of the geographical regions (Mamlin et al., 2006). The start-up, maintenance and implementation cost of this product can be troublesome. Start-up and implementation cost is quite high and it requires huge sums of money in the starting phase, but with the passage of time, it becomes cheaper as the maintenance cost is not that high, which are also some of its biggest demerits. ‘Concept Dictionary’ is the idea that OpenMRS is based on. The idea is to store useful medical information such as clinical findings, lab results and even the socio-economic data. The concept is extremely successful as it becomes relatively easy to update the data set if a new disease is added, there is no need for modification, plus sharing of this medical information is also very convenient. The modular construction of OpenMRS is the real benefit that sets it apart from other ambulatory EHR devices. Its ease of use also includes the facility of putting it on a single laptop or on a large server and works with all major operating systems like Mac OS X, Windows and Linux.eMIX stands for Electronic Medical Information Exchange and is based on the concept of cloud-computing (Leslie, 2012), where one could manage, retrieve and update information in a server without actually connecting with it, through the means of internet or web-based tools and application. eMIX is develo ped to address the challenge of sharing the medical images from one interface to another, while they are not on the same network of a server.

Discuss Nationalism in the ERa of Good Feelings Essay Example for Free

Discuss Nationalism in the ERa of Good Feelings Essay Nationalism, not sectionalism, was the driving force during the era of good feelings. Nationalism became the leading ideology of the American republic. While sectionalism proceeded in bringing the nation into turmoil and constant bickering among the politicians, as in the case with dealings leading to the Missouri compromise, nationalism was able to unite the nation into a headstrong body, led by an ever-increasing, more powerful central government. Nationalism, many can argue, was a guiding light that helped the populous in Europe unite. As early as the late great Roman Empire, it was that notion of being a part of a uniform body of civil, governed people who helped these places flourish. In early 19th century America, during the Era of Good Feelings as one newspaper put it, Americans began to root themselves in all that the nation stood for which helped them in turn begin to think about moving the United States into a respectable position among the worlds super powers. For example, Stephen Decatur toasts the country and acknowledges that it is our country, for better or for worse. This is a sharp contrast to the views of our founding fathers because George Washington himself, the father of our nation, saluted king George although he was a part of the attempt to establish a separate nation. Poets and writers also began to capture the nations spirit. In her Address to the New York State Legislature, Emma Hart Willard, explains how America has no problem in setting precedents and taking risks for the benefit of the country. For example, did the country take a risk in having a democracy instead of a monarchy? The answer to this question is yes, because no one in the history of the world before America, was able to successfully run a government the way that new nation ran. Although they had to switch from the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution, this just proved that the nation could adapt with its people, thus setting precedents. Sectionalism only succeeded in dividing the country. This is because sectionalists always had their own agendas, which often clashed with that of their opposition. The division of votes on the tariff of 1816 was a pretty noticeable one, although the final vote was not really affected by  non-tariff votes. Sectionalism can be found here in the numbers of each region. The majority of New England Votes were cast against the tariff. This should be of no surprise because New England, which at the time was largely federalist, was against the whole war of 1812 effort from the get go. If it were not for the nationalistic pride of the western and southern regions, this protective tariff would have not been passed. Nationalism creates an atmosphere which attempts to propel the nation forward instead of becoming entangled in issues which cause a separation of agendas, thought, and eventually causes a rift in peoples beliefs. The nationalism brought about by the Era of Good feelings helped the United States get on track to becoming what it is today. If you look at current events, you can see that the United States operates with more fluidity when we have a common enemy instead of creating enemies out of our brethren because of our ideals.

Zoot Suit by Luis Valdez :: essays research papers

â€Å"Zoot Suit† Luis Valdez made a great contribution to Chicano theater when he created a Chicano musical a form of theater that was more common for white America. As I read Zoot Suit I could not stop wondering how the play would look once it was on stage. I could not picture a play that included singing and dancing one which does not compare to the other plays written by Luis Valdez and the Teatro Campesino. I only wish that I had been lucky enough to watch the play live. However, I do feel that if the play was to be re-enacted it would not have the same effect on it’s viewers of today as it might have then. Unfortunately I feel that might be its only downfall. I was still really amazed that this play made it to Broadway and I feel it was just as worthy of it as other plays have been. It is also very interesting to note that it was his longest running play in Los Angeles however; I am assuming that has to do with the large number of Mexican and Mexican-Americans living in LA during that tim e.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I found the play very interesting and could not stop reading especially because I knew that the play was based on a true story a crime that actually took place against Chicanos. I did not know much about the sleepy lagoon case before I read the play. Having an interest on the subject helped me stay focus on the story and kept me reading. However, I kept wanting a stage visual of the play so that I could stay alert. As I watched the movie for the first time I felt great and yet, a bit bewildered to see so many brown faces on stage at the same time but ultimately I truly loved the feeling of it. I only wish that more plays or even movies would include Latinos onto the stage. I feel that the fact that Luis Valdez created a more American type of play made it more possible to be seen by many more people. If Zoot Suit would have been kept as an acto its audience would have been selective and minimal.

Ancestral Influence in Hawthorne’s Writing

Ancestral Influence in Hawthorne’s Writing Can the sins of ancestors pass down upon the next generations? Hawthorne believed that it was possible and he expresses his beliefs through his writings. Hawthorne was well aware of his ancestral consequences of wrongdoings and he held the sense of guilt of his ancestor, so many of his writings were gothic, dark, and dealt with evils. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s historical background of living in Salem and his ancestral connection to Salem Witch Trial influenced him to question the fate of the family carrying the sin of past mistakes in his novel, the House of the Seven Gables.Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts, and he is the descendent of John Hawthorne, a judge of the Salem Witch trial. During the witch trials, hysteria and delusions clouded everyone’s eyes and unjust persecutions spread and killed many of the innocents. Judges at the times had the power to persecute the witches, however, the whole incident was a horrible delusion (Wright). This ancestral wrongdoing has hunted Hawthorne throughout his lives. Hawthorne lost his father from the yellow fever when he was four and his mother obliged to live with her parents because they were financially troubled.He lived very isolated because his mother kept herself isolated as well. Hawthorne believed that the depressing circumstances of their family were caused by the curse of victims from Salem Witch Trials (Hawthorne xvi). This belief of Hawthorne clearly is reflected in the characters of the House of the Seven Gables. Similar to Hawthorne, a Salem family of Pyncheons has believed and suffered from the curse passed down from Matthew Maule, an innocent victim of Colonel Pyncheon. He was accused of witchcraft and was executed due to the unjust claim of Colonel.Before Maule’s death, he proclaimed, â€Å"the God will give him blood to drink,† which came true shortly after when Colonel Pyncheon dies in the same manner as descr ibed by Maule. In the future generations, the decedents of Pyncheon family that have been living in the house was as if trapped in it, they were bonded with the house surrounded with dark aura. Colonel was a dark, wicked, greedy man and his decedents are haunted with the consequences and the evil deeds of their ancestors. Similar to the Salem Witch trials, greed and lies covered the sins of both crimes and it haunted to future generations. Hawthorne xvii). Both stories closely resemble each other because Hawthorne has been greatly influenced from his cultural background and ancestral histories. Both Hawthorne and Pyncheon were the descendent of the Puritan. Because Hawthorne is influenced greatly with the Puritan beliefs, the novel, The House of Seven Gables, is expressed with full of puritan ideals, curses, and sins (xiii). Hawthorne, from his view of the witch trials, also criticized that Puritans were too self-righteous and lacked of human heart (Hall).The setting for the novel w as taken place at Salem, where the House of the Seven Gables exists, and it was also was where Hawthorne was born and raised. Maule also came from the name, Thomas Maule, a criticizer of the witch trials. The House of the Seven Gables too, was actually molded from his cousin’s, Susannah Ingersoll, house in the Massachusetts. It is also an actual incident that occurred during the witch trial that one of the victims of witch trial, Sarah Good, had told Reverent Noyes, the sinful accuser, that, â€Å"if he took her life away, God would give him blood to drink! Many of the settings and characters were created from Hawthorne’s surrounding influences and people (Hawthorne xiii – xx). Hawthorne uses curses as to symbolism of his past and present, influencing in many of his writings. In the preface, he stated, â€Å"The wrong-doing of on generation lives into the successive ones, and divesting itself of every temporary advantage, becomes a pure and uncontrollable misc hief† (Chandler 46). He believed that the sins and evils have passed down from the past and is binding them from happiness.It is said that Hawthorne even changed the spelling of his name, possibly to escape the shameful act of his processors. His novels gives traits of Hawthorne’s will of retribution and search of the remorse for the past mistakes of his ancestors. In The House of Seven Gables, he exploits that the past sins can be transmitted through generations and that just like the physical traits, and how the cursed family struggles to overcome this problem (Hawthorne xv-xvi). Hawthorne, in his novels, describes themes of the psychological moral struggles people go through in their existence.There was a moment in the book where Hawthorne showed the slight hope in concurring the sinful past. It was when a young man called Holgrave tells Pheobe Pyncheon about a story of Maule who intended to control Alice Pyncheon, a beautiful innocent girl, for the sake of his ances tor’s revenge. Maule hiponized Alice and gained control of her, but in the end, his action led Alice into death, and Maule greatly regretted his action. As he finish telling the story, the atmosphere they had was similar of what was in the story; Holgrave had the power to control Pheobe because she was almost hypnotized situation by his stories.However, despite his longing and awkward relationship with Pyncheons, Holgrave chose the way to love and care for Pheobe instead of controlling her with his power. This progress, Hawthorne showed that it was possible to break and escape from the bond of the evil doings of their ancestors (Bell). In the end of the novel, Pheobe Pyncheon, a member of Pyncheon family, Holgrave, a descendent of Thomas Maule, falls in love. This was the moment when the curse of the Pyncheon was lifted from all the characters in the book.They got married and it will be a great progress to get over then coincidence between Matthew Maule and Alice Pyncheon. Fr om this passage, Hawthorne probably believed that the curse of ancestral sins and evils can be cured by the love and forgiving of the people. It is perhaps his marriage with Sophia Peabody and his love for her that led him thinking less of the deception of his ancestor and which led him to write the happy ending for the novel (Hawthorne 263-276). The novel ended with atonement and start of restoring the love that was lacked in the house (Brodhead 70).In the House of the Seven Gables, Nathaniel Hawthorne discusses the influence of ancestral consequences of wrongdoing upon the future generation. Hawthorne felt guilt and responsibility from the sins of his ancestors, and was haunted by them throughout his life. He believed that the sins will pass on through generations and he wrote this novel with this theme in his mind. However, the novel ended with happy ending where people found love that overcomes the hate and evil of the dark historical sins.

Interesting Ideas in Unwind Essay

In the novel ‘Unwind’ by Neal Shusterman, an interesting idea is the idea of the collective vs. the individual. This interesting idea was shown to me in three manifestations. The idea of the collective vs. the individual was shown to me through an individual conquering a collective, language manipulation and human rights. In the dystopian world of ‘Unwind’, between the ages of thirteen and eighteen, a teenager may be signed off to the Authorities for the process of unwinding. Unwinding is where the parts of the child are separated and given to donors who need them. Under the Bill of Life, this is perfectly legal. As long as the teenager’s life doesn’t ‘technically’ end. Connor, Risa and Lev find themselves marked for unwinding. And all find themselves drawn together when escaping the process. Firstly, Neal Shusterman highlights major characters to show us how an individual can conquer a collective. A major character Neal Shusterman highlights is the character of Connor Lassiter. At the end of a novel, Connor finally conquers the collective. As Connor stands under the wing of the jet that brought the runaway unwinds to the Graveyard – an old air force hanger that holds old unused planes and runaway unwinds in the middle of Arizona – he addresses them with courage, respect and determination of conquering the collective. â€Å"†¦ †¦ They let us stay here because they don’t see us as a threat. Well we’re going to change that. † In this quote, I see Connor finally able to conquer the collective. I see that he is able to finally conquer the Authorities as an individual unwind wanting freedom, though he is able to achieve it with the support of Risa, Haydn and each and every runaway unwind who arrived in the Graveyard. In 1939, Germany invaded Poland and the Second World War began. England’s King at the time was King George VI. It was his duty as the King of England to deliver a speech to the people empowering them and assuring them that though the world was at war again, everything would be okay. However, speeches were not King George VI’s favourite duty as he had a speech impediment. He had a stammer. Due to his stammer, many believed he could not deliver the speech well enough. Many people believed that a speech on live radio, delivered to the entire nation would be too much of a challenge for their King. But he did it. He did it so well that throughout the entire Second World War, King George VI was a symbol of resistance in the face of Hitler. He was a leader who the people of England were able to stand against. Through his wartime speech, I see how King George VI was an individual able to conquer the collective. Secondly, Neal Shusterman employs language manipulation to illustrate the ways in which the collective controls the individual. Neal Shusterman uses euphemisms to illustrate this interesting idea. A euphemism is a term or phrase that is used to make something seem nicer that may otherwise be considered harsh, unpleasant or offensive. Throughout the entire novel of ‘Unwind’, Neal Shusterman uses a euphemism to describe the process of unwinding in a way that doesn’t make it seem like dying. â€Å"It’s not dying. You will still be living, just in a divided state. When Risa is told that she is marked for unwinding, a social-worker uses another euphemism to describe the same process. â€Å"It’s change, that’s all. You will live, Risa. Only in different form. † These two different uses of euphemisms by Neal Shusterman to describe the process of unwinding illustrates to me the many different ways in which a collective can control the individual through language manipulation. In the real world, the government uses euphemisms frequently to distance public people form the horrors of war. Euphemisms such as friendly fire (accidentally killing a member of your own side) and collateral damage (killing civilians) are used to describe things which may distress many members of the public. Another for of language manipulation that Neal Shusterman uses is neologisms. Neologisms are words which describe new concepts or an existing word that has taken on a new meaning. In â€Å"Unwind†, Neal Shusterman has brought to life many new concepts in the dystopian world he has created. ‘Clappers’ is one of these neologisms. Neal Shusterman has used this word throughout the novel to describe a group of extreme terrorists. â€Å"Clappers again†¦ What did they hit this time?†¦ They blew up an Old Navy in the North Akron Mall. † Neologisms are used to describe new concepts in our ever growing society of technology. ’Cold –finger’ of not emailing or texting somebody back. A neologism in our technological society. Finally, Neal Shusterman uses human rights to make the reader aware of how a collective can control an individual. The Authorities of in the world of ‘Unwind’ breach many articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. One of the most significant articles which are broken throughout the novel is Article 7. All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. In short – The law is the same for everyone, it should be applied in the same way to all. I see this article breached many times in the novel. The first time I see it breached is in the third chapter of the book when Lev has his tithing party. â€Å"†¦ dirty unwind †¦ Just because he’s to be unwound does NOT mean he’s an Unwind. † This to me shows what the society thinks of unwinds. That they are though of as lower class citizens. No matter how innocent they are, once they are signed over to the government – they are criminals. Wanted by the law, juvey-cops and many of the average citizens. I further see this article breached when Connor, Risa and Roland arrive at Happy Jack Harvest camp. Connor is discriminated against and paraded past the rest of the unwinds as to show the power and how futile it is to resist to the rest of the inmates at Happy Jack. â€Å"On the fourth of February, three kids arrive by police escort. Two are brought unceremoniously into the welcome centre. The third is singled out to take the longer route that passes the dormitories, the sports fields, and all the various places where unwinds are gathered. † Connor is discriminate against due to his status as the ‘Akron AWOL’. Though he has done nothing more than Risa or Roland.

Reflexiones Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Reflexiones Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Reflexiones Repaso 1.Indemnizacion: 2.Armisticio: cese provicional a las hostilidades, alto al fuego. 3.Ultimatun: Advertencia Final 4.Jutlandia: Es una peninsula de la europa noroccidental. 5.Neutralidad: Aptitud que asume un pais o varios de inmiscuirse ni ser involucrado. 6.Colonialismo: 7.Material Belico: Pertrechos (proteger) proviciones de guera como lo son las armas, municiones y tecnologia. 8. Imperialismo: Son potencias mundiales con sed de poder. 9. Paz armada: Al periodo de 1885 a 1914 no hubo guerras entre las potencias pero todas se preparaban para ellas. 10.Mano negra: Un grupo de terroristas. 11.Triple entrente: Formada por gran bretaa, Francia y Rusia. 12.Triple Alianza: Alemania, Austria-Hungria e Itallia Reflexiones: 1."Mientras mas negra la noche mas cerca el amanecer" 2."Como un iman invisible los pensmientos positivosse alcanzan y atraen frente a nosotros los resultados que deseamos intenssmente conseguir" 3"Desesperarse porque, hoy fue un dia difici, pero maana un nuevo dia lleno de esperanzad comenzara" 4."Confianza en si mismo, llega por medio del conocimiento que proviene de la imformacion y las experencias" 5."lucha por tu sueos ser perserverante y diciplnado son las claves hacia el exito"

Union Order of Battle - Battle of Gettysburg

Union Order of Battle - Battle of Gettysburg Army of the Potomac Major General  George G. Meade General Staff and Headquarters Staff: Chief of Staff: Major General Daniel Butterfield (wounded) Assistant Adjutant General: Brigadier General Seth Williams Assistant Inspector General: Colonel Edmund Schriver Chief Quartermaster: Brigadier General Rufus Ingalls Commissaries and Subsistence: Colonel Henry F. Clarke Chief of Artillery: Brigadier General Henry J. Hunt Chief Ordnance Officer: Captain Daniel W. Flagler Chief Signal Officer: Captain Lemuel B. Norton Medical Director: Major Jonathan Letterman Chief of Engineers: Brigadier General Gouverneur K. Warren Bureau of Military Information: Colonel George H. Sharpe General Headquarters: Command of the Provost Marshal General: Brigadier General Marsena R. Patrick 93rd New York: Colonel John S. Crocker 8th United States (8 companies): Captain Edwin W. H. Read 2nd Pennsylvania Cavalry: Colonel R. Butler Price 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry (Companies EI): Captain James StarrRegular Cavalry (detachments from 1st, 2nd, 5th, 6th US Cavalry) Guards and Orderlies: Oneida (New York) Cavalry: Captain Daniel P. Mann Engineer Brigade: Brigadier General Henry W. Benham 15th New York (3 companies): Major Walter L. Cassin 50th New York: Colonel William H. Pettes US Battalion: Captain George H. Mendell I Corps Major General John Reynolds (killed) Major General Abner Doubleday Major General John Newton General Headquarters: 1st Maine Cavalry, Company L: Captain Constantine Taylor First Division - Major General James Wadsworth 1st Brigade - Brigadier General Solomon Meredith 19th Indiana: Colonel Samuel J. Williams (wounded), Lt. Colonel William W. Dudley (wounded), Major John M. Lindley (wounded) 24th Michigan: Colonel Henry A. Morrow (wounded), Lt. Colonel Mark Flanigan (wounded), Major Edwin B. Wight (wounded), Captain Albert M. Edwards 2nd Wisconsin: Colonel Lucius Fairchild (wounded/captured), Lt. Colonel George H. Stevens (mortally wounded), Major John Mansfield (wounded), Captain George H. Otis 6th Wisconsin: Lt. Colonel Rufus R. Dawes, Major John F. Hauser 7th Wisconsin: Colonel William W. Robinson, Lt. Colonel John B. Callis (wounded/captured), Major Mark Finnicum (wounded) 2nd Brigade - Brigadier General Lysander Cutler 7th Indiana: Colonel Ira G. Grover 76th New York: Major Andrew J. Grover (killed), Captain John E. Cook 84th New York  (14th Militia): Colonel  Edward B. Fowler 95th New York: Colonel George H. Biddle (wounded), Lt. Colonel James B. Post, Major Edward Pye 147th New York: Lt. Colonel Francis C. Miller (wounded), Major George Harney 56th Pennsylvania (9 companies): Colonel John W. Hofmann Second Division -  Brigadier General John C. Robinson 1st Brigade -  Brigadier General  Gabriel R. Paul  (wounded),   Colonel Samuel H. Leonard (wounded),  Colonel  Adrian R. Root  (wounded captured),  Colonel  Richard Coulter  (wounded), Colonel  Peter Lyle​16th Maine:  Colonel Charles W. Tilden (captured), Lt. Colonel Augustus B. Farnham 13th Massachusetts: Colonel Samuel H. Leonard, Lt. Colonel Nathaniel W. Batchelder, Major Jacob P. Gould 94th New York: Colonel Adrian R. Root, Major Samuel A. Moffett 104th New York: Colonel Gilbert G. Prey 107th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel James M. Thomson (wounded), Captain Emanuel D. Roath 2nd Brigade -  Brigadier General Henry Baxter 12th Massachusetts: Colonel  James L. Bates  (wounded), Lt. Colonel David Allen, Jr. 83rd New York (9th Militia): Lt. Colonel Joseph A. Moesch 97th New York: Colonel Charles Wheelock, Lt. Colonel John P. Spofford (captured), Major Charles Northrup 11th Pennsylvania:  Colone l Richard Coulter, Captain Benjamin F. Haines, Captain John B. Overmyer 88th Pennsylvania: Major Benezet F. Foust (wounded), Captain Henry Whiteside 90th Pennsylvania: Colonel Peter Lyle,  Major Alfred J. Sellers Third Division -  Major General Abner Doubleday, Brigadier General Thomas A. Rowley 1st Brigade -  Brigadier General Thomas Rowley, Colonel Chapman Biddle 80th New York (20th Militia): Colonel Theodore B. Gates 121st Pennsylvania: Colonel Chapman Biddle, Major  Alexander Biddle 142nd Pennsylvania: Colonel Robert P. Cummins (mortally wounded), Lt. Colonel Alfred B. McCalmont, Major Horatio N. Warren 151st Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel  George F. McFarland  (wounded), Captain Walter L. Owens, Colonel Harrison Allen 2nd Brigade -  Colonel Roy Stone (wounded), Colonel Langhorne Wister (wounded), Colonel Edmund L. Dana 143rd Pennsylvania: Colonel Edmund L. Dana, Lt. Colonel John D. Musser (wounded) 149th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel Walton Dwight (wounded), Captain James Glenn 150th Pennsylvania: Colonel Langhorne Wister, Lt. Colonel  Henry S. Huidekoper  (wounded), Captain Cornelius C. Widdis Artillery Brigade -  Ã‚  Colonel Charles S. Wainwright Maine Light, 2nd Battery (B): Captain James A. Hall Maine Light, 5th Battery (E): Captain  Greenleaf T. Stevens  (wounded), Lieutenant Edward N. Whittier 1st New York Light, Batteries EL: Captain Gilbert H. Reynolds (wounded), Lieutenant George Breck 1st Pennsylvania Light, Battery B: Captain James H. Cooper 4th United States, Battery B: Lieutenant James Stewart (wounded), Lieutenant James Davison (wounded) II Corps Major General Winfield S. Hancock (wounded) Brigadier General John Gibbon (wounded) Brigadier General William Hayes General Headquarters: 6th New York Cavalry, Companies D and K: Captain Riley Johnson (Escort) 53rd Pennsylvania, Companies A, B and K: Major Octavus Bull (Provost Marshal 2nd Corps) First Division -  Brigadier General John C. Caldwell 1st Brigade -  Colonel Edward E. Cross (mortally wounded), Colonel H.Boyd McKeen 5th New Hampshire: Lt. Colonel Charles E. Hapgood, Major Richard E. Cross 61st New York: Lt. Colonel K. Oscar Broady 81st Pennsylvania: Colonel Henry Boyd McKeen, Lt. Colonel Amos Stroh 148th Pennsylvania: Colonel Henry Boyd McKeen,  Lt. Colonel Robert McFarlane, Major Robert H. Foster 2nd Brigade -  Colonel Patrick Kelly 28th Massachusetts: Colonel Richard Byrnes 63rd New York (2 companies): Lt. Colonel Richard C. Bentley (wounded), Captain Thomas Touhy 69th New York  (2 companies): Captain Richard Moroney (wounded), Lieutenant James J. Smith 88th New York (2 companies): Captain Denis F. Burke 116th Pennsylvania  (4 companies): Major St. Clair A. Mulholland 3rd Brigade -  Brigadier General  Samuel K. Zook  (mortally wounded),  Lt. Colonel Charles G. Freudenberg (wounded),  Colonel Richard P. Roberts (killed),  Lt. Colonel John Fraser 52nd New York: Lt. Colonel Charles G. Freudenberg (wounded), Major Edward Venuti (killed), Captain William Scherrer 57th New York: Lt. Colonel Alford B. Chapman 66th New York: Colonel Orlando H. Morris (wounded), Lt. Colonel John S. Hammell (wounded), Major Peter A. Nelson 140th Pennsylvania: Colonel Richard P. Roberts, Lt. Colonel John Fraser, Major Thomas Rodge 4th Brigade -  Colonel John R. Brooke (wounded) 27th Connecticut (2 companies): Lt. Colonel Henry C. Merwin (killed), Major James H. Coburn 2nd Delaware: Colonel William P. Bailey (wounded), Lt. Colonel David L. Stricker (wounded), Captain Charles H. Christman 64th New York: Colonel Daniel G. Bingham (wounded), Major Leman W. Bradley 53rd Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel Richards McMichael 145th Pennsylvania  (7 companies): Colonel Hiram Loomis Brown (wounded), Captain John W. Reynolds (wounded), Captain Moses W. Oliver Second Division -  Brigadier General John Gibbon (wounded), Brigadier General William Harrow 1st Brigade -  Brigadier General William Harrow, Colonel Francis E. Heath 19th Maine: Colonel Francis E. Heath, Lt. Colonel Henry W. Cunningham 15th Massachusetts: Colonel George H. Ward  (mortally wounded), Lt. Colonel George C. Joslin, Major Isaac H. Hooper 1st Minnesota: Colonel William Colvill, Jr.  (wounded), Captain Nathan S. Messick (killed), Captain Henry C. Coates 82nd New York (2nd Militia): Lt. Colonel James Huston (mortally wounded), Captain John Darrow 2nd Brigade -  Brigadier General Alexander S. Webb (wounded) 69th Pennsylvania: Colonel Dennis OKane (mortally wounded), Lt. Colonel Martin Tschudy (killed), Major James M. Duffy (wounded), Captain William Davis 71st Pennsylvania: Colonel Richard P. Smith, Lt. Colonel Charles Kochersperger 72nd Pennsylvania: Colonel De Witt C. Baxter (wounded), Lt. Colonel Theodore Hesser, Major Samuel Roberts 106th Pennsylvania: Lt. Col onel William L. Curry, Major John H. Stover 3rd Brigade -  Colonel Norman J. Hall 19th Massachusetts: Colonel Arthur F. Devereux, Lt. Colonel Ansel D. Wass (wounded), MajorEdmund Rice (wounded) 20th Massachusetts: Colonel Paul J. Revere (mortally wounded), Lt. Colonel George N. Macy (wounded), Captain Henry L. Abbott 7th Michigan: Lt. Colonel Amos E. Steele (killed), Jr, Major Sylvanus W. Curtis 42nd New York: Colonel James E. Mallon 59th New York (4 companies): Lt.Colonel Max A. Thoman (mortally wounded), Captain William McFadden Unattached Massachusetts Sharpshooters, 1st Company: Captain William Plumer, Lieutenant Emerson L. Bicknell Third Division - Brigadier General Alexander Hays 1st Brigade - Colonel Samuel S. Carroll 14th Indiana: Colonel John Coons, Lt. Colonel Elijah H. C. Cavins, Maj or William Houghton 4th Ohio: Lt. Colonel Leonard W. Carpenter, Major Gordon A. Stewart 8th Ohio: Lt. Colonel Franklin Sawyer (wounded) 7th West Virginia: Lt. Colonel Jonathan H. Lockwood (wounded) 2nd Brigade - Colonel Thomas A. Smyth (wounded), Lt. Colonel Francis E. Pierce 14th Connecticut: Major Theodore G. Ellis 1st Delaware: Lt. Colonel Edward P. Harris, Captain Thomas B. Hizar, Lieutenant William Smith, Lieutenant John T. Dent 12th New Jersey: Major John T. Hill 10th New York (battalion): Major George F. Hopper 108th New York: Lt. Colonel Francis E. Pierce 3rd Brigade - Colonel George L. Willard (killed), Colonel Eliakim Sherrill, Lt. Colonel James M. Bull, Colonel Clinton D. MacDougall (wounded), Colonel Eliakim Sherrill (mortally wounded) 39th New York (4 companies): Major Hugo Hildebrandt 111th New York: Colonel Cl inton D. MacDougall, Lt.Colonel Isaac M. Lusk (wounded), Captain Aaron P. Seeley 125th New York: Lt. Colonel Levin Crandell 126th New York: Colonel Eliakim Sherrill, Lt. Colonel James M. Bull Artillery Brigade - Captain John G. Hazard 1st New York Light, Battery B: Captain James M. Rorty (killed), Lieutenant Albert S. Sheldon (wounded), Lieutenant Robert E. Rogers 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery A: Captain William A. Arnold 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery B: Lieutenant Thomas F. Brown (wounded), Lieutenantt William S. Perrin 1st United States, Battery I: Lieutenant George A. Woodruff (wounded), Lieutenant Tully McCrea 4th United States, Battery A: Lieutenant Alonzo H. Cushing (killed), Lieutenant Samuel Canby (wounded), Lieutenant Joseph S. Milne (killed), Sergeant Frederick Fà ¼ger III Corps Major General Daniel Sickles (wounded) Major General David B. Birney First Division - Major General David B. Birney, Brigadier General J.H. Hobart Ward (wounded) 1st Brigade - Brigadier General Charles K. Graham (wounded/captured), Colonel Andrew H. Tippin, Colonel Henry J. Madill 57th Pennsylvania (8 companies): Colonel Peter Sides (wounded), Major William B. Neeper (wounded/captured), Captain Alanson H. Nelson (wounded) 63rd Pennsylvania: Major John A. Danks 68th Pennsylvania: Colonel Andrew H. Tippin, Lt. Colonel Anthony H. Reynolds (wounded), Major Robert E. Winslow (wounded), Captain Milton S. Davis 105th Pennsylvania: Colonel Calvin A. Craig 114th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel Frederick F. Cavada (captured), Captain Edward R. Bowen 141st Pennsylvania: Colonel Henry J. Madill, Major Israel P. Spaulding (mortally wounded/captured) 2nd Brigade - Brigadier General J. H. Hobart Ward, Colonel Hiram Berdan 20th Indiana: Colonel John Wheeler (killed), Lt. Colonel William C. L. Taylor (wounded) 3rd Maine: Colonel Moses B. Lakeman, Major Samuel P. Lee (woun ded) 4th Maine: Colonel Elijah Walker (wounded), Major Ebenezer Whitcomb (mortally wounded), Captain Edwin Libby 86th New York: Lt. Colonel Benjamin L. Higgins (wounded), Major Jacob A. Lansing 124th New York: Colonel Augustus van H. Ellis (killed), Lt. Colonel Francis M. Cummins (wounded), Major James Cromwell (killed) 99th Pennsylvania: Major John W. Moore (wounded), Captain Peter Fritz, Jr. 1st United States Sharpshooters: Colonel Hiram Berdan, Lt. Colonel Casper Trepp 2nd United States Sharpshooters (8 companies): Major Homer R. Stoughton 3rd Brigade - Colonel P. Rà ©gis de Trobriand 17th Maine: Lt. Colonel Charles B. Merrill, Major George W. West 3rd Michigan: Colonel Byron R. Pierce (wounded), Lt. Colonel Edwin S. Pierce, Major Moses B. Houghton 5th Michigan: Lt. Colonel John Pulford (wounded), Major Salmon S. Matthews (wounded) 40th New York: Colonel Thomas W. Egan, Lt. Colonel Augustus J. Warner (wounded) 110th Pennsylvania (6 companies): Lt. Colonel David M. Jones (wounded ), Major Isaac Rogers Second Division - Brigadier General Andrew A. Humphreys 1st Brigade - Brigadier General Joseph B. Carr (wounded) 1st Massachusetts: Lt. Colonel Clark B. Baldwin (wounded), Major Gardner Walker (wounded) 11th Massachusetts: Lt. Colonel Porter D. Tripp, Major Andrew N. McDonald (wounded) 16th Massachusetts: Lt. Colonel Waldo Merriam (wounded), Captain Matthew Donovan 12th New Hampshire: Captain John F. Langley (wounded), Captain Thomas E. Barker 11th New Jersey: Colonel Robert McAllister (wounded), Major Philip J. Kearny (mortally wounded), Captain Luther Martin (killed), Lieutenant John Schoonover (wounded), Captain William H. Lloyd (wounded), Captain Samuel T. Sleeper, Lieutenant John Schoonover 26th Pennsylvania: Major Robert L. Bodine (wounded) 2nd Brigade - Colonel William R. Brewster 70th New York: Colonel John E. Farnum 71st New York: Colonel Henry L. Potter (wounded) 72nd New York: Colonel John S. Austin (wounded), Lt. Colonel John Leonard, Major Caspar K. Abell 73rd New York: Major Michael W. Burns 74th New York: Lt. Colonel Thomas Holt 120th New York: Lt. Colonel Cornelius D. Westbrook (wounded), Major John R. Tappen 3rd Brigade - Colonel George C. Burling 2nd New Hampshire: Colonel Edward L. Bailey (wounded), Lt. Colonel James W. Carr (wounded) 5th New Jersey: Colonel William J. Sewell (wounded), Captain Thomas C. Godfrey, Captain Henry H. Woolsey (wounded) 6th New Jersey: Lt. Colonel Stephen R. Gilkyson 7th New Jersey: Colonel Louis R. Francine (mortally wounded), Lt. Colonel Francis Price (wounded), Major Frederick Cooper 8th New Jersey: Colonel John Ramsey (wounded), Captain John G. Langston 115th Pennsylvania: Major John P. Dunne Artillery Brigade - Captain George E. Randolph (wounded),   Captain A. Judson Clark 1st New Jersey Light, Battery B: Captain A. Judson Clark, Lieutenant Robert Sims 1st New York Light, Battery D: Captain George B. Winslow New York Light, 4th Battery: Captain James E. Smith 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery E: Lieutenant John K. Bucklyn (wounded), Lieutenant Benjamin Freeborn (w) 4th United States, Battery K: Lieutenant Francis W. Seeley (wounded), Lieutenant Robert James V Corps Major General George Sykes General Headquarters: 12th New York Infantry, Companies D and E: Captain Henry W. Rider 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Companies D and H: Captain William Thompson First Division - Brigadier General James Barnes (wounded) 1st Brigade - Colonel William S. Tilton 18th Massachusetts: Colonel Joseph Hayes (wounded) 22nd Massachusetts: Lt. Colonel Thomas Sherwin, Jr. 1st Michigan: Colonel Ira C. Abbott (wounded), Lt. Colonel William A. Throop (wounded) 118th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel James Gwyn, Major Charles P. Herring 2nd Brigade - Colonel Jacob B. Sweitzer9th Massachusetts: Colonel Patrick R. Guiney32nd Massachusetts: Colonel George L. Prescott (wounded), Lt. Colonel Luther Stephenson, Jr. (wounded), Major James A. Cunningham4th Michigan: Colonel Harrison H. Jeffords (mortally wounded), Lt. Colonel George W. Lumbard62nd Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel James C. Hull, Major William G. Lowry (killed) 3rd Brigade - Colonel Strong Vincent (mortally wounded), Colonel James C. Rice 20th Maine: Colonel Joshua L. Chamberlain (wounded) 16th Michigan: Lt. Colonel Norval E. Welch 44th New York: Colonel James C. Rice, Lt. Colonel Freeman Conner, Major Edward B. Kn ox 83rd Pennsylvania: Captain Orpheus S. Woodward Second Division - Brigadier General Romeyn B. Ayres 1st Brigade - Colonel Hannibal Day 3rd United States (Companies B, C, E, G, I and K): Captain Henry W. Freedley (wounded), Captain Richard G. Lay 4th United States (Companies C, F, H and K): Captain Julius W. Adams, Jr. 6th United States (Companies D, F, G, H and I): Captain Levi C. Bootes (wounded) 12th United States (Companies A, B, C, D and G, 1st Battalion and Companies A, C and D, 2nd Battalion): Captain Thomas S. Dunn 14th United States (Companies A, B, D, E, F and G, 1st Battalion and Companies F and G, 2nd Battalion): Major Grotius R. Giddings 2nd Brigade - Colonel Sidney Burbank 2nd United States (Companies B, C, F, H, I and K): Major Arthur T. Lee (w), Captain Samuel A. McKee 7th United States (Companies A, B, E and I): Captain David P. Hancock 10th United States (Companies D, G and H): Captain William Clinton 11th United States (Companies B, C, D, E, F and G): Major DeLancey Floyd-Jones 17th United States (Companies A, C , D, G and H, 1st Battalion and Companies A and B, 2nd Battalion): Lt. Colonel James D. Greene 3rd Brigade - Brigadier General Stephen H. Weed (killed), Colonel Kenner Garrard 140th New York: Colonel Patrick ORorke  (killed), Lt. Colonel Louis Ernst, Major Isaiah Force 146th New York: Colonel Kenner Garrard, Lt. Colonel David T. Jenkins 91st Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel Joseph H. Sinex 155th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel John H. Cain Third Division - Brigadier General Samuel Crawford 1st Brigade - Colonel William McCandless 1st Pennsylvania Reserves (9 companies): Colonel William C. Talley 2nd Pennsylvania Reserves: Lt. Colonel George A. Woodward 6th Pennsylvania Reserves: Lt Colonel Wellington H. Ent 13th Pennsylvania Reserves: Colonel Charles F. Taylor (killed), Major William R. Hartshorne 3rd Brigade - Colonel Joseph W. Fisher 5th Pennsylvania Reserves: Lt. Colonel George Dare, Maj James H. Larrimer 9th Pennsylvania Reserves: Lt. Colonel James McK. Snodgrass 10th Pennsylvania Reserves: Colonel Adoniram J. Warner, Lt. Colonel James B. Knox 11th Pennsylvania Reserves: Colonel Samuel M. Jackson 12th Pennsylvania Reserves (9 companies): Colonel Martin D. Hardin Artillery Brigade - Captain Augustus P. Martin Massachusetts Light, 3rd Battery (C): Lieutenant Aaron F. Walcott 1st New York Light, Battery C: Captain Almont Barnes 1st Ohio Light, Battery L: Captain Frank C. Gibbs 5th United States, Battery D: Lieutenant Charles E. Hazlett (killed), Lieutenant Benjamin F. Rittenhouse 5th United States, Battery I: Lieutenant Malbone F. Watson (wounded), Lieutenant Charles C. MacConnell VI Corps Major General John Sedgwick General Headquarters: 1st New Jersey Cavalry, Company L and 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry, Company H: Captain William S. Craft First Division - Brigadier General Horatio Wright 1st Brigade - Brigadier General Alfred T.A. Torbert 1st New Jersey: Lt. Colonel William Henry, Jr. 2nd New Jersey: Lt. Colonel Charles Wiebecke 3rd New Jersey: Colonel Henry W. Brown, Lt. Colonel Edward L. Campbell 15th New Jersey: Colonel William H. Penrose 2nd Brigade - Brigadier General Joseph J. Bartlett, Colonel Emory Upton 5th Maine: Colonel Clark S. Edwards 121st New York: Colonel Emory Upton 95th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel Edward Carroll 96th Pennsylvania: Major William H. Lessig  Ã‚   3rd Brigade - Brigadier General David A. Russell 6th Maine: Colonel Hiram Burnham 49th Pennsylvania (4 companies): Lt. Colonel Thomas M. Hulings 119th Pennsylvania: Colonel Peter C. Ellmaker 5th Wisconsin: Colonel Thomas S. Allen Provost Guard 4th New Jersey (3 companies): Captain William R. Maxwell Second Division - Brigadier General Albion P. Howe 2nd Brigade - Colonel Lewis A. Grant 2nd Vermont: Colonel James H. Walbridge 3rd Vermont: Col onel Thomas O. Seaver 4th Vermont: Colonel Charles B. Stoughton 5th Vermont: Lt. Colonel John R. Lewis 6th Vermont: Colonel Elisha L. Barney 3rd Brigade - Brigadier General Thomas H. Neill 7th Maine (6 companies): Lt. Colonel Seldon Connor 33rd New York (detachment): Captain Henry J. Gifford 43rd New York: Lt. Colonel John Wilson 49th New York: Colonel Daniel D. Bidwell 77th New York: Lt. Colonel Winsor B. French 61st Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel George F. Smith Third Division - Major General John Newton, Brigadier General Frank Wheaton 1st Brigade - Brigadier General Alexander Shaler 65th New York: Colonel Joseph E. Hamblin 67th New York: Colonel Nelson Cross 122nd New York: Colonel Silas Titus 23rd Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel John F. Glenn 82nd Pennsylvania: Colonel Isaac C. Bassett 2nd Brigade - Colonel Henry L. Eustis 7th Massachusetts: Lt. Colonel Franklin P. Harlow 10th Massachusetts: Lt. Colonel Joseph B. Parsons 37th Massachusetts: Colonel Oliver Edwards 2nd Rhode Island: Colonel Horatio Rogers, Jr. 3rd Brigade - Brigadier General Frank Wheaton, Colonel David J. Nevin 62nd New York: Colonel David J. Nevin, Lt. Colonel Theodore B. Hamilton 93rd Pennsylvania: Major John I. Nevin 98th Pennsylvania: Major John B. Kohler 139th Pennsylvania: Colonel Frederick H. Collier (wounded), Lt. Colonel William H. Moody Artillery Brigade - Colonel Charles H. Tompkins Massachusetts Light, 1st Battery (A): Captain William H. McCartney New York Light, 1s t Battery: Captain Andrew Cowan New York Light, 3rd Battery: Captain William A. Harn 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery C: Captain Richard Waterman 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery G: Captain George W. Adams 2nd United States, Battery D: Lieutenant Edward B. Williston 2nd United States, Battery G: Lieutenant John H. Butler 5th United States, Battery F: Lieutenant Leonard Martin XI Corps Major General Oliver O. Howard Major General Carl Schurz General Headquarters: 1st Indiana Cavalry, Companies I and K: Captain Abram Sharra 8th New York Infantry (1 company): Lieutenant Hermann Foerster First Division - Brigadier General Francis Barlow, Brigadier General Adelbert Ames 1st Brigade - Colonel Leopold von Gilsa 41st New York (9 companies): Lt. Colonel Detlev von Einsiedel 54th New York: Major Stephen Kovacs (captured), Lieutenant Ernst Both 68th New York: Colonel Gotthilf Bourry 153rd Pennsylvania: Major John F. Frueauff 2nd Brigade - Brigadier General Adelbert Ames, Colonel Andrew L. Harris 17th Connecticut: Lt. Colonel Douglas Fowler (killed), Major Allen G. Brady (wounded) 25th Ohio: Lt. Colonel Jeremiah Williams (captured), Captain Nathaniel J. Manning (w), Lt William Maloney (wounded), Lt Israel White 75th Ohio: Col Andrew L. Harris, Captain George B. Fox 107th Ohio: Col Seraphim Meyer, Captain John M. Lutz Second Division - Brigadier General Adolph von Steinwehr 1st Brigade - Colonel Charles R. Coster 134th New York: Lt. Colonel Allan H. Jackson, Major George W. B. Seeley 154th New York: Lt. Colonel Daniel B. Allen, Major Lewis D. Warner 27th Pennsylvania: Lt. Co lonel Lorenz Cantador 73rd Pennsylvania: Captain Daniel F. Kelley 2nd Brigade - Colonel Orland Smith 33rd Massachusetts: Colonel Adin B. Underwood 136th New York: Colonel James Wood 55th Ohio: Colonel Charles B. Gambee 73rd Ohio: Lt. Colonel Richard Long Third Division - Major General Carl Schurz, Brigadier General Alexander Schimmelfennig 1st Brigade - Brigadier General Alexander Schimmelfennig, Colonel George von Amsberg 82nd Illinois: Lt. Colonel Edward S. Salomon 45th New York: Colonel George von Amsberg, Lt. Colonel Adolphus Dobke (wounded) 157th New York: Colonel Philip P. Brown, Jr., Lt. Colonel George Arrowsmith 61st Ohio: Colonel Stephen J. McGroarty, Lt. Colonel William H. H. Bown 74th Pennsylvania: Colonel Adolph von Hartung (wounded), Lt. Colonel Alexander von Mitzel, Captain Gustav Schleiter, Captain Henry Krauseneck 2nd Brigade - Colonel Wladimir Krzyzanowski 58th New York: Lt. Colonel August Otto, Captain Emil Koenig 119th New York: Colonel John T. Lockman (wounded), Lt. Colonel Edward F. Lloyd, Major Benjamin A. Willis 82nd Ohio: Colonel James S. Robinson (wounded), Lt. Colonel David Thomson 75th Pennsylvania: Colonel Francis Mahler (mortally wounded), Major August Ledig 26th Wisconsin: Lt. Colonel Hans Boebel (wound ed), Maj Henry Baetz (wounded), Captain John W. Fuchs Artillery Brigade - Major Thomas W. Osborn 1st New York Light, Battery I: Captain Michael Wiedrich New York Light, 13th Battery: Lieutenant William Wheeler 1st Ohio Light, Battery I: Captain Hubert Dilger 1st Ohio Light, Battery K: Captain Lewis Heckman 4th United States, Battery G: Lieutenant Bayard Wilkeson (mortally wounded), Lt Eugene A. Bancroft XII Corps Major General Henry Slocum Brigadier General Alpheus S. Williams Provost Guard: 10th Maine Battalion (3 companies): Captain John D. Beardsley First Division - Brigadier General Alpheus S. Williams, Brigadier General Thomas H. Ruger 1st Brigade - Colonel Archibald McDougall 5th Connecticut: Colonel Warren W. Packer 20th Connecticut: Lt. Colonel William B. Wooster, Major Philo B. Buckingham 3rd Maryland: Colonel Joseph M. Sudsburg, Lt. Colonel Gilbert P. Robinson 123rd New York: Lt. Colonel James C. Rogers, Captain Adolphus H. Tanner 145th New York: Colonel Edward L. Price 46th Pennsylvania: Colonel James L. Selfridge 3rd Brigade - Brigadier General Thomas H. Ruger, Colonel Silas Colgrove 27th Indiana: Colonel Silas Colgrove, Lt. Colonel John R. Fesler, Major Theodore F. Colgrove 2nd Massachusetts: Lt. Colonel Charles R. Mudge (killed), Major Charles F. Morse 13th New Jersey: Colonel Ezra A. Carman 107th New York: Colonel Nirom M. Crane 3rd Wisconsin: Colonel William Hawley, Lt. Colonel Martin Flood Second Division - Brigadier General John W. Geary 1st Brigade - Colonel Charles Candy 5th Ohio: Colonel John H. Patrick 7th Oh io: Colonel William R. Creighton, Lt. Colonel O. J. Crane 29th Ohio: Captain Wilbur F. Stevens (wounded), Captain Edward Hayes 66th Ohio: Lt. Colonel Eugene Powell, Maj Joshua G. Palmer (mortally wounded) 28th Pennsylvania: Captain John Flynn 147th Pennsylvania (8 companies): Lt. Colonel Ario Pardee, Jr., Major George Harney 2nd Brigade - Colonel George A. Cobham, Brigadier General Thomas L. Kane 29th Pennsylvania: Colonel William Rickards, Jr., Lt. Colonel Samuel M. Zulick 109th Pennsylvania: Captain Frederick L. Gimber 111th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel Thomas M. Walker, Colonel George A. Cobham, Jr. 3rd Brigade - Brigadier General George S. Greene 60th New York: Colonel Abel Godard, Lt. Colonel John C. O. Redington 78th New York: Lt. Colonel Herbert von Hammerstein, Major William H. Randall (wounded) 102nd New York: Colonel James C. Lane (wounded), Captain Lewis R. Stegman 137th New York: Colonel David Ireland, Lt. Colonel Robert S. Van Vorhees 149th New York: Colonel Henry A. Barnu m (wounded), Lt. Colonel Charles B. Randall (wounded) Reporting DirectlyLockwoods Brigade - Brigadier General Henry H. Lockwood 1st Maryland, Potomac Home Brigade: Colonel William P. Maulsby 1st Maryland, Eastern Shore: Colonel James Wallace 150th New York: Colonel John H. Ketcham, Lt. Colonel Charles G. Bartlett, Major Alfred B. Smith Artillery Brigade - Lieutenant Edward D. Muhlenberg 1st New York Light, Battery M: Lieutenant Charles E. Winegar Pennsylvania Light, Battery E: Lieutenant Charles A. Atwell 4th United States, Battery F: Lieutenant Sylvanus T. Rugg 5th United States, Battery K: Lieutenant David H. Kinzie Cavalry Corps Major General Alfred Pleasonton Headquarters Guards: 1st Ohio, Company A: Captain Noah Jones 1st Ohio, Company C: Captain Samuel N. Stanford First Division - Brigadier General John Buford 1st Brigade - Colonel William Gamble 8th Illinois: Major John L. Beveridge 12th Illinois (4 companies) and 3rd Indiana (6 companies): Colonel George H. Chapman 8th New York: Lt. Colonel William L. Markell 2nd Brigade - Colonel Thomas Devin 6th New York (6 companies): Major William E. Beardsley 9th New York: Colonel William Sackett 17th Pennsylvania: Colonel Josiah H. Kellogg 3rd West Virginia, Companies A and C: Captain Seymour B. Conger 3rd Brigade - Brigadier General Wesley Merritt 6th Pennsylvania: Major James H. Haseltine 1st United States: Captain Richard S. C. Lord 2nd United States: Captain Theophilus F. Rodenbough 5th United States: Captain Julius W. Mason 6th United States: Major Samuel H. Starr (wounded), Lieutenant Louis H. Carpenter, Lieutenant Nicholas M. Nolan, Captain Ira W. Claflin (wounded) Second Division - Brigadier General David McM. Gregg 1st Brigade - Colonel John B. McIntosh 1st Maryland (11 companies): Lt. Colon el James M. Deems Purnell (Maryland) Legion, Company A: Captain Robert E. Duvall 1st Massachusetts: Lt. Colonel Greely S. Curtis 1st New Jersey: Major Myron H. Beaumont 1st Pennsylvania: Colonel John P. Taylor 3rd Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel Edward S. Jones 3rd Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery, Section, Battery H: Captain William D. Rank 2nd Brigade - Colonel John I. Gregg 1st Maine (10 companies): Lt. Colonel Charles H. Smith 10th New York: Major M. Henry Avery 4th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel William E. Doster 16th Pennsylvania: Colonel John K. Robison Third Division - Brigadier General Judson Kilpatrick 1st Brigade - Brigadier General Elon J. Farnsworth (killed), Colonel Nathaniel P. Richmond 5th New York: Major John Hammond 18th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel William P. Brinton 1st Vermont: Colonel Addison W. Preston 1st West Virginia (10 companies): Colonel Nathaniel P. Richmond, Major Charles E. Capehart 2nd Brigade - Brigadier General George A. Custer 1st Michigan: Colonel Charles H. Town 5th Michigan: Colonel Russell A. Alger 6th Michigan: Colonel George Gray 7th Michigan: (10 companies): Colonel William D. Mann Horse Artillery 1st Brigade - Captain James M. Robertson 9th Michigan Battery: Captain Jabez J. Daniels 6th New York Battery: Captain Joseph W. Martin 2nd United States, Batteries B and L: Lieutenant Edward Heaton 2nd United States, Battery M: Lieutenant Alexander C. M. Pennington, Jr. 4th United States, Battery E: Lieutenant Samuel S. Elder 2nd Brigade - Captain John C. Tidball 1st United States, Batteries E and G: Capt ain Alanson M. Randol 1st United States, Battery K: Captain William M. Graham, Jr. 2nd United States, Battery A: Lieutenant John H. Calef Artillery Reserve Brigadier General Robert O. Tyler Headquarters Guard: 32nd Massachusetts Infantry, Company C: Captain Josiah C. Fuller 1st Regular Brigade - Captain Dunbar R. Ransom 1st United States, Battery H: Lieutenant Chandler P. Eakin (wounded), Lieutenant Philip D. Mason 3rd United States, Batteries F and K: Lieutenant John G. Turnbull 4th United States, Battery C: Lieutenant Evan Thomas 5th United States, Battery C: Lieutenant Gulian V. Weir (wounded) 1st Volunteer Brigade - Lt. Colonel Freeman McGilvery Massachusetts Light, 5th Battery (E): Captina Charles A. Phillips Massachusetts Light, 9th Battery: Captain John Bigelow (wounded), Lieutenant Richard S. Milton New York Light, 15th Battery: Captain Patrick Hart (wounded), Lieutenant Andrew R. McMahon Pennsylvania Light, Batteries C and F: Captain James Thompson (wounded) 2nd Volunteer Brigade - Captain Elijah D. Taft 1st Connecticut Heavy, Battery B: Captain Albert F. Brooker 1st Connecticut Heavy, Battery M: Captain Franklin A. Pratt Connecticut Light, 2nd Battery: Captain John W. Sterling New York Light, 5th Battery: Captain Elijah D. Taft 3rd Volunteer Brigade - Captain James F. Huntington New Hampshire Light, 1st Battery: Captain Frederick M. Edgell 1st Ohio Light, Battery H: Lieutenant George W. Norton 1st Pennsylvania Light, Batteries F and G: Captain R. Bruce Ricketts West Virginia Light, Battery C: Captain Wallace Hill 4th Volunteer Brigade - Captain Robert H. Fitzhugh Maine Light, 6th Battery (F): Lieutenat Edwin B. Dow Maryland Light, Battery A: Captain James H. Rigby New Jersey Light, 1st Battery: Lieutenant Augustin N. Parsons 1st New York Light, Battery G: Captain Nelson Ames 1st New York Light, Battery K: Captain Robert H. Fitzhugh Train Guard 4th New Jersey Infantry (7 companies): Major Charles Ewing

International Marketing( Pizza hut in China) Essay

International Marketing( Pizza hut in China) - Essay Example success story due to the specialized and far sighted strategies followed by the company in expanding its business into the high potential market of China. Pizza Hut is one of the most famous fast food centres specialized in a wide variety of pizzas with different crusts and toppings. Pizza Hut is based in Texas and is the largest pizza restaurant in the world. There are more than 7500 Pizza Hut restaurants in the United States alone. The company also operates more than 5600 Pizza Hut restaurants in almost 100 countries in different corners of the world. The first fast food restaurant of Pizza Hut was opened in 1958 in Kansas by two brothers named Frank Karney and Dan Karney. The company followed a franchisee based strategy to expand its operations (Bradley, 1999, p.118). The first franchisee of Pizza Hut was opened in Topeka region of Kansas. After the opening up of this franchisee, the company continued to grow in terms of size, popularity as well as scale of operations. The company currently has more than 8000 units of food chains operating across different countries in the globe. The company introduced the delivery system in 1988 a fter which the sales of the company were boosted to a high extent, especially in the United States. Apart from a variety of pizzas, Pizza Hut also offers other fast food items like Garlic bread, chicken wings, soups, pastas, nachos, cornitos and lasagnes in its menu. The company offers a wide range of food items and is famous for its excellent quality and efficient services provided to the customers. Pizza Hut emerged as a highly popular fast food company in the United States. After the success in their home country, the company focused on expanding their operations in other suitable international markets to tap in new opportunities and increase their revenues and customer base. The high market growth and profitability of Pizza Hut in the domestic market provided the company with the necessary backup and resources to internationalize