Briefly Outline a Selection of Victorian Values

This essay is going to briefly outline a section of Victoria values such as separate spheres, religion and family. Outside the family sphere, one had to strive for self-improvement and industry in ones working life, and developed nations. The main focus of this essay is going to be on fallen woman. In the Victorian era women were seen as pure and clean because of this view, their bodies were seen as temples which should not be adorned with jewellery. A woman should be reminded that marrying she gives up many advantages.A few artists such as William Holman Hunt and Augustus Leopold Egg and many more portrayed these Victorian values through narrative artwork and this essay is going to discuss a few of these artist’s paintings such as The Awakening Conscience and Past and Present. The role of women was to have children and tend to the house in contrast to men, according to the concept of Victorian masculinity. If they didn’t achieve this the their husbands would have mistr esses outside their marriage. Decorating the home and wearing fine dresses became a way for women to express themselves.Religion went through it's changes as Victorian's lost interest in God. [Patterson 2007 online] However, Great Revivals would sweep across the countries of the world changing the lives of many. The separate spheres framework holds that men possessed the capacity for reason, action, aggression, independence, and self-interest thus belonging to the public sphere. Women inhabited a separate, private sphere, one suitable for the so called inherent qualities of femininity: emotion, passivity, submission, dependence, and selflessness, all derived, it was claimed insistently, form women’s sexual and reproductive organization. Patterson 2007 online]In reality women held an important position as wives since they took care of the household, any servants, helped with their husband’s work, and managed the finances, however from the male’s point of view, wo men were nothing more than overly emotional and mindless creatures ruled by their sexuality Mary Wollstonecraft penned her anger at the unfair and unjust inequality that where imposed upon women by a vocal male majority in an attempt to redress this balance.A women's role in life in the nineteenth century was decidedly placed within a male context; both sexes were to be seen acting within different realms with the men occupying what was to be known as the public sphere whilst the women were to be found in the domestic sphere [Gordon Marsden 1955]. Perhaps this splitting of realms, within the working and lower middling classes at least, into their respective roles was by-product of increasing industrialisation and its resultant hazards such as long working hours and poor working conditions imposed upon the family unit.The majority of women did not have the option not to marry: it was simply a necessity for survival. Because society prevented women from making their own living, there was an inescapable dependence upon men’s income; Barred by law and custom from entering trades and professions by which they could support themselves, and restricted in the possession of property, woman had only one means of livelihood, that of marriage her [Gordon Marsden 1955].Therefore, no matter what the women desired, most were predestined to become wives due to their economic reliance on men. Secondly, to be even considered as a potential wife, women had to be not only virgins, but were expected to remain innocent and â€Å"free from any thought of love or sexuality† until after they had received a proposal The fallen woman was quite a theme for the Pre-Raphaelites. In this painting, The Awakening Conscience, we see a mistress rising from the seat of her lover, seemingly stricken with the realization of what her life has become.The Awakening Conscience, painted by William Holman Hunt, is filled with symbolism: a cat crouches under the table devouring a dead bird, the woman’s hands are adorned with rings on every finger except where a wedding ring would be, and on the floor we see unraveling wool. The model in this painting is Annie Miller, who Holman Hunt â€Å"rescued from obscurity†. He was engaged to her and launched a campaign to better her [Gordon Marsden 1955]. As a women, then ,the first thing of importance is to be content, to be inferior to men, inferior in mental power, in the same proportion that you are inferior in bodily strength.Ruskin's defence of the Awakening Conscience in his letter to the Times helps to subvert the idea of women being dependent upon men; he refers to the model repeatedly as the ‘poor' ‘lost' girl. He victimises her and renders her as virtually helpless as she ‘starts up with agony', her ‘eyes filled with tears of ancient days’. Ruskin attempts to address the composition's power and immediacy from which ‘there is not a single object in all the room– †¦ but it becomes tragically if rightly read’[Hollis,P 1979]. He concludes that Hunt’s work challenges its contemporaries and that ‘there will not be found one powerful as this to meet †¦ he moral evil of the age†¦ to waken the mercy the cruel thoughtlessness of youth, and to subdue the severalties of judgement into the sanctity of compassion[Rutherford online n. d]. Hunt’s the Awakening Conscience, in this context may be seen as a form of morality text. The work was a direct outgrowth of mid-Victorian society which believed that prostitution posed an inherent threat to the stability of the middle-classes as prostitution encompassed and symbolised the worries of a newly industrialised society which could lead to social instability and perhaps even to a complete social breakdown.It was believed that he slide into prostitution was the end of a more general moral breakdown in one's life which was believed to stem from the act of seduction, in 1 840. William Tait in Magdalism, defined a woman's seduction as an ‘act of corrupting tempting, or enticing females from a life of chastity, by money of false promises'. The 1850 Westminster Review wrote that ‘women's desires scarcely ever lead to their fall; for the desire scarcely exists in a definite form until they have fallen; it may therefore be seen that the ideal women becomes de-sexed in her search for moral virtue [Rutherford online n. ]. William Holman Hunt's The Awakening Conscience represents not only a contemporary life subject of a fallen Magdalene but can be loosely interpreted as an example of portraiture by Pointon's definition in which we can see that the woman became as symbolically objectified as her image. In contrast Augustus Leopold Egg’s painting, known as Past and Present Nos. 1–3, (1858), is a triptych in the genre of narrative painting. The subject is the ‘fallen woman’ and together the three paintings depict an entir e scenario from discovery and outcast to the moments before the woman’s final demise.One picture shows the children alone in the home; the other picture shows their mother living under the Adelphi Terrace arches in London. The paintings â€Å"illustrate the tensions in Victorian culture between morality and sexuality†. Egg's â€Å"moral narrative on social issues†[ Patterson 2007 online ] was successful in drawing public attention to the need to address gender roles and their consequences such as divorce. The sad woman in the third picture, most likely contemplating suicide, is a result of legislation that allows a man to divorce his wife without compensation for adultery [Patterson 2007 online].Prostitution, was legal during the Victorian era, seemed to embody the second of the two categories of women present in Victorian society: the first was the pure wife and mother, the angel in the house; the other was the depraved and sexually-crazed prostitute. â€Å"Pr ostitution was a product of middle-class society and only socialism, it was claimed ,could put an end to the evil†[Nead L 1988]. However because wives and mothers were not truly respected, my belief is that prostitution reflected what men really considered all women to be: whores for the gratification of their sexual desires.And indeed in Victorian England a large number of women were prostitutes: â€Å"In a society that forced women into a position of economic dependence upon men. In conclusion men’s and society’s consistent definition of women’s roles according to their separate spheres and the reproductive system can also be seen through what today we would consider the ‘weird’ sexual values of Victorians. The issue of adultery was also skewed to favour men. While a wife’s adultery was sufficient cause to end a marriage, a woman could divorce her husband only if his adultery had been compounded by another matrimonial offence, such a s cruelty or desertion.Referencing List: Branes Lucy. (2007). Narrative Painting? Egg's Triptych And The Art of Persuasion. Available: http://www. victorianweb. org/painting/egg/paintings/barnes2. html Last accessed 29 May 2012. Hollis P ( 1979). The women's movement. London: George Allen & Unwin. 6-15. John A (1986). Unequal Opportunities Women's Employment in England. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 45-261. Lewis J (1986). Women's Experience of Home and Family. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 123-249. Lynda Nead,1988,The Prostitution and Social Chaos,Blackwell Myths of sexuality Marsden,G (1995).Personalities and Perspectives in the Nineteenth Century Society. London: Longman. 3-11. Rutherford. A,A Dramatic Reading of Augustus Leopold Egg Untitled Triptych Available online http://www. tate. org. uk/research/tateresearch/tatepapers/07spring/rutherford. htm [accesses 22 March 2012] Sigsworth M,E (1988). In search of Victorian Values. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 89-100. Patterson,C. ( 2007). Men, Divorce And Custody. Available: http://menstuff. org/issues/byissue/divorcecustodygeneral. html Last accessed 29.

Personality Theorists Bandura and Maslow

Personality is a fascinating subject to study, because every person has a personality that is unique and complex. Personality theorists spend their time studying the reasons why people act the way they do. Are their innate processes that ensure a person will react to a situation differently if he is hungry? How will two different people behave if they both witness the same automobile crash?How behavior is affected and determined has been studied for years, and there are many different theories. Two theorists who have contributed significantly to this field of study are Bandura and Maslow.Bandura, like all behaviorists, was primarily interested in the stimulus-response branch of psychology. Having studied Skinner’s approach to Behaviorism, Bandura did agree that external forces contributed to behaviors. He believed environmental situations and reinforcers lead to certain behaviors. But Bandura also set out to answer some problems he found with Skinner’s theory. As Wagner (2009) states, even in his earliest work, Bandura argued that believing behavior could only be caused by a stimulus-response cycle was too simplistic.His studies led him to believe that behavior was not only a reaction to environmental stimuli as Skinner had proposed, but could also be learned from watching a model perform the behavior that could be copied. He also believed that learning could be cognitive. One of the most significant observations Bandura made during his studies was that while the environment did cause behaviors, behaviors could also create an environment. This phenomenon he called reciprocal determinism: The world and a person’s behavior cause each other.Bandura also believed that self-efficacy contributed to behavior. A person’s internal need to attain goals could cause them to behave in a way that ensured them success. Due to his research, Bandura argued that external and internal factors affected behavior. People can choose to act a certain way, o r the environment can cause them to act a certain way. Another theorist who made significant contributions to personality and behavior theory was Maslow. His most significant theory was his idea of a hierarchy of human needs.At the most basic level, humans have intrinsic needs, such as food and shelter, and the feeling of safety. Internal factors such as being hungry and the ability to breathe properly contribute to outward behaviors. Lemer (2000) summarized Maslow’s ideas into a practical application, by stating that, with children, adults should address the higher level needs for safety, security and knowledge only after the most primitive biological needs are met. Clearly, internal needs factor into behavior.As a people move up the hierarchy however, external factors begin to play a much larger role in behavior choice. Concepts such as morality, respect, and self-esteem are influenced by external factors such as societal demands and personal interactions. Maslow, like Band ura, believed that both internal and external factors contributed to behaviors. People behave certain ways at certain times due to a myriad of factors. Both of these theorists make powerful cases for the idea that behavior is both intrinsically and externally motivated. The case for internal motivation is solid.There are times when people choose to behave in a certain manner due to a need for respect, to fulfill a perceived role, or to attain a goal. Their behavior during those times is due to an internal desire for something. However, there are other times when environmental factors also cause behavior. A person may be trying to act a certain way, but a situation may arise that causes them to change the course of their behavior. It is also true that people can learn through simple observation, and this has to be caused by both internal and external factors.The environment and the situation the person is watching is shaping their behavior. But it also the internal need to duplicate the behavior of the other person that causes them to watch and learn. Both Bandura and Maslow believed that behavior was both internally and externally motivated. References Wagner, K. V. (2009). Albert Bandura biography. Retrieved May 10, 2009 from http://psychology. about. com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_bandura. htmfrom Lemer, P. S. (2000). Treat needs, not behavior: Maslow for the millennium. New Developments, 6(2), 23-26.

Things Fall Apart Colonialism Essay - 1267 Words

Colonialism is the policy or practice of taking over a country and changing it economically. This relates to the book Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, because the book itself is based off of colonialism and different types of cultures and people. I agree that colonialism strips the person of their cultures and soul. â€Å"By the late nineteenth century, Europe was engaged in â€Å"the scramble for Africa,† a competitive effort to colonize the continent and gain control of its natural resources. In 1884, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck convened a conference in Berlin where European diplomats divided Africa among themselves. No African representatives were present. By 1900, almost all of Africa was under European control. The colonial powers†¦show more content†¦There are two ways this condition may be terminated: the area may be freed of the control of the colonial power by allowing it to become an independent nation, or if the area is absorbed into the borders of the controlling nation† (Edward M). Colonialism can only be understood in two ways, wrong or right. In some ways colonialism is helpful, in other ways it is the complete opposite and almost completely insane. Okonkwo thought it was completely wrong and that he should go to war with the Europeans for what they were doing. What they Europeans were doing was inhumane and just wrong to Okonkwo. He was so dedicated to his culture that he was willing to fight for his right to live his life dedicating everything he did to his tribe and himself. As of people in today’s society, some may fight for what they want in life, others will sit around and wait for it to be handed to them. In Okonkwo’s case, he had to fight for what he wanted. Okonkwo knew that if he had converted to christianity and abandoned his tribe that he would regret it and be hated even more. It is no secrete that Okonkwo wanted to live up to one thing, to not be a failure like his father. Okonkwo wanted to work hard his whole life and always win o r be extraordinary at everything he did. In the end of the book, things really did fall apart. Okonkwo killed himself because he would rather be dead than live a life he wanted to represent.Show MoreRelatedThings Fall Apart And Heart Of Darkness Analysis910 Words   |  4 PagesCompare Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart with Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness In everyday life, we are always comparing, even subconsciously with even knowing it. When we compare things, we look at what the similarities are in said items such as a popular brand or a generic one. Comparing things such as two literary works, Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, and, Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad, both have a lot of similarities that we will look at. In Things Fall Apart, it is about a man namedRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe And William Shakespeare s The Tempest1417 Words   |  6 PagesRoughly based on personal encounters Joseph Conrad uses Heart of Darkness to comment on the negative aspects of colonialism. Colonialism by definition is, â€Å"the policy and practice of a power in extending control over weaker peoples or areas.† In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and William Shakespeare’s play The Tempest, colonialism plays a significant role in the break down of humans. The conquerors in both stories disregard the natives believing that they are working towards the greaterRead MoreImperialism In The 19Th Century Resulted In European Countries1726 Words   |  7 PagesWhen Chinua Achebe published Things fall apart in 1958, a novel criticizing the European aspects of imperialism, his aspiration was to teach readers that â€Å"their past-with all its imperfections-was not one long night o f savagery from which the first Europeans acting on God’s behalf delivered them†(Chinua Achebe on the Role of the African Writer, 1964). Chinua Achebe helped change the western perception of African culture by using the characters and story of Things Fall Apart to give readers a differentRead MoreNegative Effects Of Colonization Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment. Many of the places colonized by Spain and Portugal were left helpless like a child with no mother. 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The central values of the novel revolve around status, virtues, power, and traditions that often determine the futures and present of the characters in the Achebe story. The novel shows the life of the protagonist Okonkwo and his family, village, and Igbo culture and theRead MoreImapct of Colonialism on Africa889 Words   |  4 PagesIMPACT OF COLONIALISM ON AFRICA In this view of the circumstances that existed during history in regards to colonial Africa. I venture to examine how colonialism is viewed, introducing you to a variety of texts which expose you to different views and debates about what Africa may well have been like today, had the colonization never taken place. The African resistance to colonialism put another perspective on the colonization of Africa by the Europeans and the Western influence Africa faced.Read MorePost-Colonial View on Things Fall Apart Essay1771 Words   |  8 Pagesin Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart (1958) The desire to conquer land that was previously unexplored has existed throughout history. This desire forced many indigenous societies, who were usually dominated technologically, to adapt to the teachings and overall system of the ‘superior’ conqueror nation with destruction as the only alternative. This causes a major impact on how a certain society functions, even after seeking independence from the foreigners. The rise and fall of indigenous societiesRead MoreThe Book Things Fall Apart Is One Of Africa’S Most Significant1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe book Things Fall Apart is one of Africa’s most significant works of literature. Because of its unique spin on European colonialism from an African tribesman’s perspective and its eloquent use of Igbo vocabulary, the volume continually draws in readers from various backgrounds and locations. Attention to detail and foreshadowing are common throughout the book; zeroing in on certain motifs and themes r elating to African culture. One motif examined throughout the novel is chi. Author Chinua Achebe

Abortion Is Not Justifiable - 855 Words

Abortion Every human being is a person. Every person has the right of life here on Earth. Abortion kills an innocent human being. Abortion by definition means the deliberate termination of a human being. Deliberate by definition means intentional. Abortion is the killing of innocent people who have no say in the ending of their life. Why are 42 million human beings deliberately killed worldwide each year? How is this be justified? It’s not justifiable! That baby feels the pain of the abortion. That human being is having it’s limbs tore off its own body and can feel every bit of it. The baby feels both psychological and real physical, organic pain. Let that sink in. Whether or not abortion is a painful experience to the unborn child being aborted, the child is left no less dead as a result of the carrier s choice. Poverty, rape, disabilities, or â€Å"unwantedness† does not justify abortion! If someone s right to life truly were established or removed based simply on their wantedness, what would that mean for those in foster care or for the homeless? When it comes to abortion, there is no shortage of What if...? s. Just when it seems the injustice of abortion has been firmly established, you ll hear things like: What if the woman was raped?, What if she can t afford a child?, or What if the baby is deformed? Even if the biological parents want nothing to do with their offspring, there are families all over the nation waiting desperately to adopt a baby, familiesShow MoreRelatedIs Abortion Justifiable In Cases Of Rape Or Incest?1496 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion is a topic that people love to argue. It is super easy to throw emotions into the argument because many people feel so strongly about it. People argue that abortion is either a good solution or a bad choice by the mother. However, many of the women who choose to have an abortion feel like it is their only choice. Finding out you are pregnant can be profoundly scary. Especially if the pregnancy is unplanned, or the mother is a victim of rape. It is assumed that most women who have beenRead MoreThe Argument Of Defending Abortion850 Words   |  4 PagesDefending abortion is always controversial. But, in some circumstances it can be justified. In the case of Clare Macwurter, her mental state questions if abortion is permissible. Judith Thomson’s article â€Å"A Defense of Abortion† argues analogies defending her reasoning for justifiable abortion. In some cases, Thomson reasons that abortion is sometimes justifiable. Munson states, â€Å"When the reasons for having an abortion are trivial, then abortion is not legitimate. When the reasons are serious andRead MoreEssay on The Debate on Abortion1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Debate on Abortion Part A Abortion is the premature expulsion of the foetus from the womb. You need to perform an operation to perform this. Abortion is now legal if two doctors agree on either of the following:  · That continuing the pregnancy means that there is a risk to the womans health. Or that of her existing children greater than if the pregnancy was terminated, allowing up to 24 weeks of pregnancy  · Or that continuing the pregnancy would involveRead MorePractical Ethics, By Peter Singer, The Modern Bioethical Philosopher1469 Words   |  6 Pagesweighted. According to Singer, a being’s interest should be weighted on the basis of the properties of the being and never on the basis of its affiliation to some abstract group (Peter n.p). The book studies a wide array of ethical issues including abortion, sex, race, ability, infanticide, political violence, the moral status of animals, obligation to assist others, overseas aid, species, embryo experimentation, and euthanasia (Review of Practical Ethics n.p). 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In the final analysis I will show how utilitarianism, altruism, and situational ethical views apply to abortion. Having in mind the extreme controversy surroundingRead MoreThe Need For Civil Disobedience Essay1287 Words   |  6 Pagescivil disobedience. He states that the act of civil disobedience can be justifiable. One of the acts that he talks about is the act of nonviolence. He holds that people like Stuart Brown, Rex Martin, and Michael Bayles admit to an act of civil disobedience; but states that nonviolent civil disobedience is justifiable and that violent civil disobedience is not justifiable. (Morreall, 1976) Abortion Civil Disobedience Abortion is it right or wrong? This has been a question that so many of us have

The Spirit, Ideals, And Values Of An Individual Can...

The manners, ideals, and values of an individual can express a great deal about the society in which they inhabit. These aspects represent society’s guiding principles, showing our motivations, influences, and attitudes that we hold and act with. During the Counter-Reformation period, the very foundations of the world began to collapse. Italy was thrashed by Barbarians and the church structure was challenged, creating difficulty in keeping certain manners, ideals, and values unchanged. In an attempt to codify these aspects of society, Giovanni Della Casa wrote Galateo. The lessons of Galateo offered comfort and useful advice to each man, allowing him to improve himself. Although little in Galateo is absolute, it reflects the personal experience and wisdom of Della Casa, along with fundamental values of society. It gives a historiography of the time period by offering guidance in achieving virtue and everything that comes along with it. Historians even compare the work of Della Casa to works of Machiavelli, stating that he is the product of the same traditions and that he provides formulas for success in a world based on his experiences. Translated with an introduction and notes by Konrad Eisenbichler and Kenneth R. Bartlett in 1990, the document’s translation offers insight into Della Casa’s society. By examining Della Casa’s belief in the importance of having good manners and virtue through specific examples, the imperative manners, ideals, and values of hisShow MoreRelatedMy Little Pony Art Of World War II1641 Words   |  7 Pagespositive one that promotes the same core values as the military does. Military Bronies see the correlation between ponies and the values they learn during their enlistment. They look past the divisions that separate individuals and purport to protect people regardless of who they are. 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[1] The writer of this passage emphasises the distinction between writing of didactic purpose

Modernism and Interior Design for Modernity-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theModernism and Interior Design for Modernity. Answer: Design can be art. Design can be aesthetics. Design is so simple, thats why it is so complicated[1]. The above quoted lines of Paul Rand give an overview of the importance which has traditionally been attached with the concept of design. It is significant to note that the human beings have an inherent desire within them to surround themselves with objects which are not only beautiful but also pleasing and soothing to the eyes as the famous romantic poet John Keats says in his poem Endymion, A THING of beauty is a joy forever: Its loveliness increases; it will never Pass into nothingness; but still will keep A bower quiet for us, and a sleep Full of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet breathing. From our dark spirits.[2] However, it is significant to note that the concept of beauty is a very relative one especially in the context of the arts and aesthetics. Therefore, the concept of beauty and design has been undergoing rapid transformation ever since the tradition[3]. Thus, the thing which was appealing as well as enticing to a particular generation might not prove be equally pleasing to the next generation or any other generation for that matter[4]. This particular essay intends to analyze the particular an interior designing object namely chair in the context of the famous quote Industrialization, urbanization and an increased potential for social mobility the defining features of modernity encouraged ever larger numbers of people to regard the design of their interiors as an increasingly important aspect of their lives of Penny Sparke from her famous work The Modern Interior. The Industrial Revolution of the 19th century greatly modified not the way business was conducted at that particular period of time but also impacted the way the society as well as the culture of the contemporary world at that particular period of time[5]. It is significant to note that the technologies as well as the latest innovations which the Industrial Revolution made available to the people at that particular had an impact on the interior design and the architecture industry[6]. Furthermore, in the present times, the various contemporary art movements have also made a significant contribution towards the interior designing as well industry. The opinion of Penny Sparke is significant to note here Through the impact of shops like Habitat and IKEA, and of the countless glossy magazines, books and catalogues that focus on the concept of interior design, we have all become familiar with the idea of our homes and public interiors containing items of modern furniture and decor.promote d through exhibitions, retail contexts and the mass media, and that it rarely exists in an absolute form[7]. This change has generally been attributed to the advent of the Industrial Revolution and its related aspects like globalization, urbanization, social mobility and others. Chairs form an important part of almost all the households and have been in use since the ancient times. However, it is to be noted that in the present with the development of the genre of interior designing and architecture the purpose of the chairs in the households have undergone a drastic transformation[8]. It is significant to note that the various chairs which once used to serve the purpose of sitting objects are now increasingly used as objects of decoration and also for contributing to the aesthetic beauty of the household[9]. Furthermore, it is also significant to note that with the advent as well as the development in the field of abstract arts the primary purpose for the use of the various chairs have undergone a drastic transformation. The advancement in the technological field is generally attributed as one of the primary reasons for this particular change in the use of the chairs. This particular change can be traced back to the Victorian Age when with the advent of the various art movements the designing of the chairs also underwent a rapid change[10]. It is a reflection of this that the various Victorian chairs when observed through the lens of the present advancements in the fields of art will reveal rudimentary forms of the various present day art movements in caricature form[11]. However, in the present times, the interior designing experts like Mika Tajima take into consideration the current needs as well as the requirements of the customers and also the recent developments in the field of technology and innovations to render moving designs[12]. Furthermore, another significant thing to note is that the people have become much more sophisticated than they were a century ago or for that matter a few decades ago. It is a reflection of this that the chairs in the present times have undergone a drastic both in artistic design as well as the purpose for which they are being used. There are various factors which facilitated the shift from the Victorian era designs to the modernist designs. In the opinion of Penny Sparke the realities as well as concepts of the modern interior, whether in the hands of professional decorators and designers, or in those of its amateur inhabitants have necessitated the transformation which the interior designs have undergone in the present times[13]. Furthermore, her work provides a penetrating account of the shift from Victorian to modern style, and demonstrates that the easy transition to the modern interior so frequently portrayed is little more than a mythology. It is significant to note that in the light of these comments of Sparke the transformations undergone by the household object, namely, chairs begins to unravel itself[14]. Moreover, in the opinion of Margaret Fuller Art can only be truly art by presenting an adequate outward symbol of some fact in the interior life. Thus, in the present times the various household obje cts have coterminous with the character as well as the personality of the individuals who own that particular place. Therefore, in the present times, the various individuals like to procure chairs and other household objects as per their economic, cultural or educational status. Modernism is often considered to be one of the primary driving factors for the transformation which the art and the interior designing industry have experienced in the recent times. In the opinion of T.J. Clark articulated in his famous work Farewell to an Idea: Episodes from a History of Modernism, Modernism had two great wishes. It wanted its audience to be led toward a recognition of the social reality of the sign (away from the comforts of narrative and illusionism, was the claim); but equally it dreamed of turning the sign back to a bedrock of World/Nature/Sensation/Subjectivity which the to and fro of capitalism had all but destroyed. In the later part of the 20th the concept of modernism penetrated not only the genre of literature but of art as well and it is a reflection of this that the art industry experienced the transformation. The factor which most influenced the transformation of interior design industry was the uneasiness which was caused by the modern hectic and which finds its adequate portrayal in the book All That Is Solid Melts Into Air by Marshall Bernam I'm beginning to feel the drunkenness that this agitated, tumultuous life plunges you into. With such a multitude of objects passing before my eyes, I'm getting dizzy. Of all the things that strike me, there is none that holds my heart, yet all of them together disturb my feelings, so that I forget what I am and who I belong to[15]. Furthermore, the desire to use the modern day objects and also to take the help of the latest technology as well as innovations has been adequately captured in the words of the same author when he says that All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all newformed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and men at last are forced to face ... the real conditions of their lives and their relations with their fellow men[16] . The Industrial Revolution entailed with itself the rise of the bourgeoisie and it was the rise of this particular which contributed in a significant manner to the further development of the concept of interior designing by their wish to decorate their households with the latest household products and goods[17]. Thus, the author comments that The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionizing the instruments of production, and with them the relations of production, and with them all the relations of society .... Constant revolutionizing of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social relations, everlasting uncertainty and agitation, distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones[18]. Furthermore, the remark of Nietzsche's articulated in his famous work Beyond Good and Evil (1882) are pertinent to observe in this particular context At these turning points in history there shows itself, juxtaposed and often entangled with one another, a magnificent, manifol d, jungle-like growing and striving, a sort of tropical tempo in rivalry of development, and an enormous destruction and self-destruction,.Again there is danger, the mother of morality-great danger-but this time displaced onto the individual, onto the nearest and dearest, onto the street, onto one's own child, one's own heart, one's own innermost secret recesses of wish and will[19]. Thus, it can be said that modernity formed one of the basic reasons for the transformation which the interior design underwent in the later part of the 20th century and also in the present times. The transformation underwent by the household object chair becomes totally logical when seen through the lens of the concept of modernism. It was the advent of the concept of modernism as well as the Industrial Revolution which necessitated the change undergone by the chairs as household objects[20]. Therefore, it is seen that in the present day, the chairs are no longer just a sitting object but a decorative object as well. Thus, the various individuals in the present times select as well as buy chairs which go along with the interior design as well as the decoration of their household[21]. It is significant to note that individuals in the present times more than concentrating on the comfort level of theirs focus on the artistic beauty of their homes[22]. To conclude, it becomes apparent that the genre of interior designing in the present times has undergone much transformation since its initiation in the traditional times. The advent of industrialization, globalization, social mobility and various others are significantly responsible for this particular transformation. Thus, the common household object chair in the present times is no longer just an object which is used for the purpose of relaxation but has become an important tool for the decoration of the interior of the household. This particular change has commonly been attributed to the advent of modernism and the various art movements which entailed it. References Alfoldy, Sandra, ed.Craft, Space and Interior Design, 1855? 005. Routledge, 2017. Berman, Marshall.All that is solid melts into air: The experience of modernity. Verso, 1983. Burrell, Gibson, and Robert Cooper. "Modernism, postmodernism and organizational analysis: an introduction." InFor Robert Cooper, pp. 149-175. Routledge, 2015. Carlton, Dennis W., and Jeffrey M. Perloff.Modern industrial organization. Pearson Higher Ed, 2015. Dodsworth, Simon, and Stephen Anderson.The Fundamentals of interior design. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015. Guilln, Mauro F. "Modernism without modernity: The rise of modernist architecture in Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina, 1890-1940."Latin American Research Review39, no. 2 (2004): 6-34. Hawken, Paul, Amory B. Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins.Natural capitalism: The next industrial revolution. Routledge, 2013. Hitt, Michael A., R. Duane Ireland, and Robert E. Hoskisson.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning, 2012. Keats, John.Endymion. Estes and Lauriat, 1888. Kirkham, Pat. "Humanizing Modernism: The Crafts,Functioning Decorationand the Eameses."Journal of Design History11, no. 1 (1998): 15-29. Mantoux, Paul.The industrial revolution in the eighteenth century: An outline of the beginnings of the modern factory system in England. Routledge, 2013. Mitton, Maureen, and Courtney Nystuen.Residential interior design: A guide to planning spaces. John Wiley Sons, 2016. Rand, Paul.Thoughts on design. Chronicle Books, 2014. Reid, Susan E. "Cold War in the kitchen: gender and the de-Stalinization of consumer taste in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev."Slavic Review61, no. 2 (2002): 211-252. Sabatino, Michelangelo. "Ghosts and Barbarians: The Vernacular in Italian Modern Architecture and Design."Journal of Design History21, no. 4 (2008): 335-358. Schwab, Klaus.The fourth industrial revolution. Crown Business, 2017. Sparke, Penny, and Fiona Fisher, eds.The Routledge companion to design studies. Routledge, 2016. Sparke, Penny, ed.Biography, identity and the modern interior. Routledge, 2017. Sparke, Penny.An introduction to design and culture: 1900 to the present. Routledge, 2013. Varga-Harris, Christine. "Homemaking and the aesthetic and moral perimeters of the Soviet home during the Khrushchev era."Journal of Social History41, no. 3 (2008): 561-589.

Short Story Performance Assessment Bargain Essay Example

Short Story Performance Assessment: Bargain Paper Bargain by A. B. Guthrie 8th Grade English Language Arts EDRD 602D Secondary Reading Instruction 7-12 Performance Assessment 1 Fay Van Vliet â€Å"Before† Strategy: Activating and Focusing Prior-Knowledge and /or concepts needed Concept: Bullying Building Background knowledge based on personal and text-to-world connections (15 minutes) To activate prior knowledge and introduce the concept of bullying, I would read the CNN. com article: â€Å"Bullying rampant in U. S. middle schools† to the class (see attached article). Following the article I would engage the students in a discussion on bullying. Starter questions: How common is bullying in U.S. middle schools? (4 out of 5) Which students are the most vulnerable targets of the bullies? (different) Why do you think kids that are different are the targets? What kind of bullying have you observed in our school and how do students typically respond to it? What tactics do bullies often use? What kind of creative ways could students deal with bullying? The next two days we will be reading a story that describes an all too familiar theme of bullying, but between adults, with a middle school student caught in the action. Rationale: The prevalence of bullying in middle school is obvious to the students. By bringing their attention to it, and discussing it their minds and emotions are prepared to engage in the plot of â€Å"Bargain. † This text-to-world/text-to-self strategy will provide the students with motivation to compare the theme and plot with their own situation. Quotations by and about Characters (35 minutes) Each of the following quotes will be written onto 3X5 cards with the name of the character it pertains to on the reverse side of the card. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Story Performance Assessment: Bargain specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Short Story Performance Assessment: Bargain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Short Story Performance Assessment: Bargain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Duplicate cards will be made so there will be enough for every student to have a card. Pass cards out to students Students mix and find others with the same character Students discuss character quotes to predict what qualities they anticipate they will find when they meet the character in the story Each group will share their character profile with the class and record the descriptions on a laminated tag board T chart posted on the wall. This chart will have two columns, one for predicted character traits and one for actual character traits. It will be used after the reading to check predictions Mr. Baumer â€Å"He was a man you wouldn’t remember from meeting once. † â€Å"†¦ half mule and half beaver. † â€Å"A hundred and thirty-five pounds wasn’t much to throw against two hundred. â€Å"He spent most of his time at the high desk†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Slade â€Å"You could never tell by his face what went on inside his skull. † â€Å"People said he could hold a lot [of liquor] without showing it except in being ornerier. † â€Å"He hates everybody† â€Å"I had heard it said he could make a horse scream with that whip. † â€Å"I have been working in the store for him in the summer and after classes ever since pneumonia took my dad off. † â€Å"Look Mr. Baumer, I can lay out of school for a few days until you kind of get straightened out here. † â€Å"I blurted out that I would have the law on Slade. † â€Å"I didn’t feel good. I couldn’t look up to Mr. Baumer like I used to and still wanted to. † Rationale: Having this exercise before the reading allows the students to anticipate aspects of the story (plot, characters, theme) to help them build comprehension. This strategy is good for adolescent students as it will require them to exercise some critical thinking skills which they are developing at this period of life. It will also encourage them to work as a team toward a common goal, and will allow them the freedom of movement and expressing their own opinions and hearing those of others. During† Strategy: Selecting and Organizing Sequencing to see plot: Part 1 Give the students the sequence organizer for sequencing (ladder page from J Sprague’06) During the first 20 minutes of the class I will show the students how to do this activity by using a current popular movie such as A Night at the Museum. I will have an overhead of the ladder sequence organizer and each student will have a copy to write on. As we discuss the events of the movie, I will write them beside the ladder and have the students do that also. We will then select the most important events and list them in order, starting with the bottom rung listing the 8 most important events that carry the plot to its culmination. During the next 30 minutes, the students will be individually reading pages 231-235 of â€Å"Bargain† and doing this strategy. Since students are reading such a small selection, I will only have them fill in the bottom 4 rungs of the ladder. The directions are on their page will be as follows. 1. Outside of the ladder, list the important events in short phrases, like titles. 2. Decide if any of the events should be combined or dropped. 3. Place numbers, one-four, next to the events in chronological order. 4. Write the events using the short phrases on the ladder in chronological order. Homework: Answer Socratic Discussion questions 1-6 Rationale: Because narrative text, and this text in particular, is organized in a sequence in which one event impacts the next, I selected a sequence organizer to help the students see this succession. This will help the students understand what lead to the culmination of Bargain. Requiring them to select the most important events to put on the ladder and sequence them will build their critical thinking ability. This activity is fitting as a â€Å"during† strategy as it assists the students in selecting and organizing information. The adolescent student is beginning to deal with text that is multifaceted and this activity will help him/her pull out key information from complex text. â€Å"During† Strategy: Selecting and Organizing Sequencing to see plot: Part 2 Making connections through discussions, and Activating and focusing/reviewing sequence (20 minutes): There will be a whiskey barrel at the front of the room with the word â€Å"Bargain† stenciled across it to create mental images and build historical understanding of the text. This will also bring the students back to the previous lesson’s reading and promote class discussion. Discussion starter questions: 1. â€Å"How strong does a freighter need to be to handle these barrels? † 2. â€Å"What happened in the first part of the story yesterday? † 3. â€Å"Students, take out your ladders and let’s discuss the events. † 4. Using an overhead of the ladder, the class will discuss the sequence of events and put them in order, determining what to include and what to leave out. 5. â€Å"Based on the events up to this point, what would you anticipate might happen next and why? The next 30 minutes the students will read individually and finish the second half of the ladder to see the complete sequence of the events. Homework: Complete Socratic Discussion questions 7-11. Rationale: See part 1 â€Å"After† Strategy: Integrating and Applying Community share plan – Discuss character profile descriptions to check predictions: students will refer to the poster boards to see how accurate their predictions were (the left side of T chart) and fill in accurate descriptors for each character on the right side of the chart. Socratic Discussion Prior to the class The students will have completed the Socratic discussion questions before this class period. Discussion table will be set up with chairs enough for half of the class and 2 extra chairs around it Before the Socratic Discussion Rules for the Socratic discussion will be reviewed oOnly those who have answered the questions will be in the inner circle The students are to have only prepared answers on the desk The participants decide what format the discussion will take such as go around the circle or the last speaker choose the next speaker The inner circle students determine who speaks first Another student speaks only when the one currently speaking finishes Clarifying questions may be asked by inner circle members The discussion is complete when the inner circle members have agreed on each question or have agreed to disagree with all members having given their opinion The outer circle participants will not speak or communicate with body language Participants must hand in their discussion question answers before the discussion ensues They are to take notes logging as much of the discussion of the inner circle as they can Key words or phrases should be highlighted or circled Students in the outer circle may take one of the empty chairs in the inner circle when: the discussion appears to be off topic the discussion becomes nonproductive the inner circle members have not discussed an area deemed important the student who takes the empty seat becomes the next speaker The inner circle is complete when all the chairs are filled and students may not leave the inner circle until the discussion is ended. When the inner circle discussion is completed the outer circle shares their summaries or key words and phrases with the inner circle students while the inner circle becomes the listeners During the Socratic Discussion Inner circle will discuss questions 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 When the inner circle has completed their round, the outer circle will become the inner circle and discuss questions 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 When this group has finished their round, the whole class will discuss question 11 Assessment: Since this will be an early implementation of the Socratic Discussion, the goal will be to initiate and practice critical thinking skills. The assessment will be taken from the student’s written responses to the three types of questions. Rationale: Conducting a Socratic Discussion after the reading provides an opportunity for the students to review the story, its theme, its characters, and discuss the actions of the characters in the story. It provides a platform in which each participant must consider and respect others’ opinions. This is essential for middle school students as they are becoming young adults and need to hear and be heard in life. This discussion will build comprehension the students review the story and build a greater understanding while listening and internalizing others perspectives. Socratic Discussion Questions Answer the following questions in complete sentences and explain your answers thoroughly. Literal Questions 1. What is the setting of this story? 2. What is a freighter? 3. Which character is narrating the story? Inferential Questions 4. Why does Slade call Mr. Baumer, â€Å"Dutchie? † 5. Why did Mr. Baumer persist in giving Slade the bill even though he knew Slade would not pay it? 6. What does Al mean when he says, â€Å"I didn’t feel good. I couldn’t look up to Mr. Baumer like I used to and still wanted to. †? 7. How does the author imply that Slade drank the wood alcohol? Evaluative Questions 8. What contemporary issue was Mr. Baumer facing that was the foundation for his anger? 9. What options did Mr. Baumer have for dealing with his situation and his anger with Slade? 10. Why do you think the author chose â€Å"Bargain† for the title? 11. What â€Å"bargains† do you think people make today?